Biodiversity conservation through faith and tradition in India: some case studies

SUMMARY

In India, since ancient times, several members of the flora and fauna have been identified with particular personalities of the Hindu pantheon and are worshipped. Many wild animals, such as tigers, lions and elephants, and birds such as the peacock, owl and swan have been revered as the vehicles of Gods and Goddesses and worshipped. Several trees, such as mango, coconut, khejri, emblica, tamarind, ashoka, madhuca and wood apple, and herbs such as basil are considered highly sacred and worshipped. This belief and these practices continue in one form or another even today in certain sections of Indian society, particularly the rural folk and the aboriginal tribes living in the forest. Nature worship is a form of tribal belief and the faith of these laymen has helped to conserve many natural ecosystems in India. They have preserved many pristine forests—called ‘sacred groves’ in their original forms. Sacred groves are rich in biodiversity. They are the last refuge of the rare flora and fauna which have otherwise disappeared from the modern world. Sacred groves have become part of the ‘biosphere reserves’ of India.     

鄱阳湖南矶山自然保护区鲤、鲫的随机扩增多态DNA分析

利用RAPD（随机扩增多态）标记分析湖内鲤、鲫群体遗传多样性，从40个随机引物中各筛选出8个引物适合鲤、鲫群体RAPD扩增。在鲤群体中，共检测出60条带，其中多态性带42条，多态位点比率为70.00%；而在鲫群体中，共检测出61条带，其中多态性带40条，多态位点比率为65.57%。用POPGENE软件分析实验数据，结果显示：湖内鲤群体的遗传多样性水平(He=0.230 1，H0=0.391 0)和鲫群体的遗传多样性水平(He=0.218 6，H0=0.375 8)都较高，都有较大的遗传变异。而在鲤、鲫群体内，雌性群体与雄性群体相比较，其各自的遗传多样性很接近。     

Odontological characteristics of European brown bears from the Central Forest Biosphere Nature Reserve

Forty-five skulls of European brown bears from the Central Forest Nature Reserve and adjacent regions were examined in detail. The frequencies of oligodonty, dental caries, parodontosis, and traumatized teeth were estimated. A total of 12 variants of the tooth formula were described. The sample under study was distinguished from the populations examined previously by the lowest frequency of oligodonty. Dental caries in one or several teeth, caused by mechanical damage or malocclusion, occurred in 14% of animals. Strong wear marks on the canines caused by feeding on oats frequently resulted in broken canines in bears of the senior age groups.     

自然保护区生态旅游开发与管理对策研究

充分利用自然保护区的旅游资源优势开展生态旅游 ,目前已得到国内外的共识 ,但旅游开发对自然保护区的影响问题同样也引起了人们的广泛关注。本文在分析我国自然保护区生态旅游发展现状的基础上 ,针对旅游开发中存在的问题 ,就如何正确处理自然保护和旅游开发的矛盾进行了探讨 ,并提出了我国自然保护区生态旅游发展的战略和管理对策。     

长江流域的自然保护区发展与生态环境建设

长江流域的自然保护区占全流域面积的5．74％,比我国自然保护区 占国土面积的比例低1．9个百分点。保护区数量在80年代增幅最大,面积在90年代增幅最大,这种不同步性在一定程度上反映出保护区经营管理更加注重建立较多的大保护区,保护较大的生态系统。本流域的各类自然保护区的数量和面积与流域内自然生态系统类型的丰富性和珍稀特种的多样性直接相关。生态系统类的自然保护区多分布在长江一线以南,形成4个明显的集中分布地带。野生生物类自然保护区在川西高原、川黔湘接壤带和鄱阳湖附近比较集中。川西南滇西北、川西高山峡谷区、川鄂湘黔接壤区、南岭山地北部等6个区域成为长江流域自然保护的关键区域。长江流域生态环境建设中必须注意资源植物的持续利用、防护林的质量和生态平衡等问题。     

怒江流域森林资源的本土利用调查与分析

基于怒江流域北段高黎贡山自然保护区周边4个社区的森林资源利用状况详细调查数据,运用建房频率计算农村地区建房周期、气干密度换算薪材材积等方法,分别依本土居民的建材、薪材、围栏（篱）用材和非木材林产品（NWFPs）4种森林资源利用方式,计算、分析怒江流域北段森林资源当地利用的消耗量和消耗结构。结果显示：怒江流域北段建房材消耗量0.10 m³ /a·人,薪材3.87 m³/a·人,农地围栏用材0.019 m³/a·人,年户均采集以菌类和中药材为主的非木材林产品73.95 kg。表明消耗量最大的利用形式是薪材,而非传统认为的建房材和农地围栏材;农村社区木楞房、木片房和农地围栏“长期留存”,而薪材流量大“库存小”的表象,是导致认识偏差的原因。调查社区的地理位置、社区规模和民族组成等在怒江流域北段具较强代表性,结果可为调查区森林资源可持续经营提供参考,也可为高黎贡山（怒江）国家级自然保护区的科学管理提供依据.     

Connectedness to nature,place attachment and conservation behaviour: Testing connectedness theory among farmers

The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between pro-environmental behaviour and two forms of emotional association: attachment to place and connectedness to nature. This relationship is explored in the context of farmers' management of native vegetation on their properties. A postal survey was conducted to measure the extent to which farmers felt connected to nature and to their property. The survey also measured vegetation management behaviours and associated valued outcomes. A total of 141 farmers in northwest Victoria, Australia, completed the survey. Results showed that vegetation protection behaviours increased with connectedness to nature (CNS), although CNS accounted for only a modest amount of the variation in behaviour. Place attachment was not related to management behaviours. Further analysis suggested that the relationship between CNS and management behaviour was mediated by importance given to environmental benefits of vegetation management. The findings lend weight to studies showing a relationship between CNS and more simple conservation behaviours (e.g. recycling). The findings are also consistent with frameworks suggesting that emotional association with nature leads to an expanded sense of self and greater valuing of non-human species, and so to pro-environment behaviour. This demonstrates the importance of using a range of instrumental and more affective strategies to promote conservation behaviours.     

“近自然林业”经营法在杉木人工幼林经营中的应用

从1994年起,将“近自然林业”的经营方式应用于杉木人工林的经营中。5a的试验结果表明：与采用常规方法经营杉木相比无论是平均胸高、平均树高、单位面积蓄积量都有大幅度的增长,且立地条件越差增长的幅度越大。用近自然林业经营法经营杉木人工幼林,土壤肥力也得到了维护和提高,表现在土壤生物活性加强,土壤养分增加,交换性能改善,加速了养分的循环和累积。     

基于冲击模型方法的自然保护区可靠性研究:以草海为例

自然保护区是受特殊保护和管理的一类特殊的可靠性系统。本文从可靠性视角出发,利用冲击模型方法和MATLAB随机模拟技术,以贵州草海为例分析自然保护区系统的寿命行为和失效规律。分析结果表明:(1)20世纪50年代以前,草海系统受到的人为干预相对较少,可靠性长期保持相对稳定。以人类活动为主的冲击影响始于20世纪50年代末,对保护区生态功能产生了强烈干预。(2)在1958—1980期间,政府出于防涝减灾考虑的引流排水行为扮演了系统的主要冲击,对其可靠性产生了毁灭性影响。(3)在1980年之后的30多年里,周边农民出于造田增地需求的排水毁林自发性活动则形成草海保护区的新一轮冲击,并持续影响着系统的生态功能。(4)目前草海在调节气候、缓解灾害、保持生物多样性方面的生态功能已严重弱化。如果最近几十年的人为冲击模式不能得到有效缓解,保护区系统极有可能在近期内再次发生功能性崩溃。     

鄂西北六个自然保护区鱼类群落结构及多样性比较

为了解鄂西北地区的鱼类多样性和鱼类群落结构,于2007~2012年先后对鄂西的八卦山自然保护区、堵河源自然保护区、五道峡自然保护区、南河自然保护区、野人谷自然保护区及漳河源自然保护区的鱼类资源进行调查。结果显示,6个自然保护区共有鱼类79种,隶属4目15科51属。鲤形目鱼类为6个自然保护区的主要类群,共56种,占总数的70.89%。6个自然保护区的鱼类食性和生态类群相似,鱼类食性均以肉食性和杂食性为主,草食性鱼类较少;定居性鱼类占主体,河湖洄游性和喜流水性鱼类较少。渔获物分析表明,堵河源自然保护区鱼类丰富度指数(D)最大,为2.60,八卦山自然保护区鱼类丰富度指数最小,为0.91。多样性分析表明,同一水系的保护区之间的β_c值和β_R值均比处于不同水系的保护区之间的β_c值和β_R值小;处于同一水系的保护区相似性系数(C_j)较高,处于不同水系的保护区之间的相似性系数较低(C_j),这很好的诠释了处于同一水系的自然保护区在地理环境上的连续性,而处于不同水系的自然保护区之间出现了地理环境的分化隔离。目前水电开发和过度捕捞是该地区鱼类最大的威胁因子,建议强化渔政管理,并建立鱼类人工繁育基地,以减缓水电工程带来的不利影响,恢复天然渔业资源。