Evaluating losses in ecosystem services in nature reserves in Sichuan,China

Nature reserves have developed rapidly over the decades in China and play a significant role in the function of ecosystem services. The function of ecosystem services in nature reserves, however, has tended to decline in recent years due to natural hazards and human activities. Based on land use, the variation of ecosystem services value (ESV) during 2000–2010 in national nature reserves in Sichuan was evaluated. We analyzed the comprehensive effects of natural disasters and human activities on the decline of ESVs. Total ESV in the national nature reserves in Sichuan was approximately 2741.35 million US$ in 2000, 2616.81 million US$ in 2005, and 2499.06 million US$ in 2010, representing a decrease of 242.29 million US$, or 8.84%, in the decade. Forestland, grassland, wetland, and water bodies played vital roles in the function of ecosystem services, with an aggregated ESV of 99% of the total. The largest proportion of the total ESV was the protection of biodiversity at 48.6%. ESV of all land use types and single ecosystem services continued to decline during 2000–2010. A mechanism of adaptable risk prevention should be established, and unreasonable human activities should be avoided to protect ecosystems and to improve the functions of ecosystem services.     

福建省梅花山国家级自然保护区公共管理研究

自然保护区的建立对改善区域生态环境、保护生物多样性、维护国家生态安全具有重要作用,如何有效管理自然保护区是当前自然保护区决策者、社区和研究者共同关注的问题。利用问卷调查法、专家咨询法和利益相关者分析法等,对福建省梅花山国家级自然保护区管理中的利益相关者进行分析,从公共管理框架设计和模式选择等方面探讨福建省梅花山国家级自然保护区的公共管理。研究结果表明,福建省梅花山国家级自然保护区管理中的利益相关者分为核心层、紧密层和外围层,其中核心层的利益相关者为政府、当地社区、非政府组织、企业与旅游公司,对福建省梅花山国家级自然保护区管理具有重要作用;政府具有高影响力、低利益/高公益,追求生态效益;当地社区为高影响力、高利益,追求经济效益;非政府组织具有低影响力、高公益,追求社会效益;企业与旅游公司具有低影响力、高利益,追求经济效益。基于利益相关者分析,围绕生态、社会和经济效益,进行福建省梅花山国家级自然保护区公共管理的框架设计和模式选择。福建省梅花山国家级自然保护区生态效益的管理采取政府主导型,社会效益的管理采取政府指导下的非政府组织管理型,经济效益的管理采取政府指导下的企业与旅游公司管理型以及社区共同管理型。     

湿地变化对双台河口自然保护区服务功能的影响

运用GIS和遥感技术分析了1988~2012年双台河口自然保护区土地利用和湿地的动态变化,并运用中国陆地生态系统服务单位面积价值的平均值分析了该保护区的生态系统服务价值变化情况,并对湿地变化与生态服务功能的关系进行了分析.结果表明,1988~2012年,双台河口国家级自然保护区所有天然湿地类型均有不同程度的减少,面积比例由93.83%减少至77.25%,芦苇湿地和典型滩涂、滩地面积减少最多;1988~2012年,双台河口国家级自然保护区生态服务功能总体上呈减少趋势,共减少了18.25%.就类型而言,耕地生态服务功能价值增加了4617元,水域生态服务功能价值减少了2012元,湿地生态服务功能价值减少了115133元;该保护区湿地对生态服务功能价值的贡献率最高,且远远超过其他地物类型的生态服务功能贡献率,但贡献率从1988年的75.07%下降至2012年的68.86%.由于该保护区开发建设活动频繁,不断侵占天然湿地,导致该自然保护区生态服务功能总体上呈下降趋势.     

Urban design for sustainability: A study on the Turkish city

In line with sustainable development principles, the reactions to modern architecture and planning have led to a new appreciation of traditional cities and urban environments.

Considering the extensive neglect and devastation of local values in our cities and towns, urban development practice in Turkey cannot be said to meet the requirements of sustainability. This paper, therefore, will explore the logic of sustainable development and focus on the components of good urban design which are needed to produce it. Since promoting sustainable lifestyles in our towns and cities depends mainly on the design of the physical environment, the paper will propose a set of key design principles that can deliver sustainable urban development through exploring the qualities of ‘traditional urbanism’ in the Turkish cities as well as examining the latest approaches to urban design.     

林场经营管理的问题与对策分析

林场经营管理中需要坚持走科学发展的道路,发挥林场资源优势,提高林场经营管理的整体水平。当前林场经营管理中存在的基本问题是:林场性质定位不够明确、林场管理方式单一、林场经营管理中产权主体不够清晰、林场生产的产品结构单一等。需要在具体工作过程中发挥林场生产经营的自主权,采用多元化的经营模式,以提升整个林场的经济效益。     

安全人性与安全法律法规的互为影响关系研究

为明晰安全人性与安全法律法规间的互为影响关系,从而丰富安全法律法规制定的理论依据,基于安全人性与安全法律法规的内涵,剖析安全法律法规对安全人性的影响作用,构建并解析安全法律法规对安全人性的作用模型。在此基础上,分析安全人性对安全法律法规制定的影响,并深入阐释基于安全人性的安全法律法规制定的基本模式及其安全人性学依据。结果表明,安全法律法规与安全人性间是相辅相成的互为作用关系,安全法律法规是实现安全人性平衡的核心手段,而安全人性是安全法律法规制定的重要基础。     

Not All Animals are Equal Differences In Moral Foundations For The Dutch Veterinary Policy On Livestock and Animals In Nature Reservations

The Netherlands is a small country with many people and much livestock. As a result, animals in nature reservations are often living near cattle farms. Therefore, people from the agricultural practices are afraid that wild animals will infect domestic livestock with diseases like Swine Fever and Foot and Mouth Disease. To protect agriculture (considered as an important economic practice), very strict regulations have been made for minimizing this risk. In this way, the practice of animal farming has been dominating the practices of nature management completely. If, for instance, Foot and Mouth Disease strikes an agricultural area, all wild pigs and cattle living in the nearby nature reservations have to be killed, whether infected or not. This dominant position of one practice over the other has now become problematic. While the morality of the practice of nature management seems to be very different from the morality of agriculture and agriculture has become less important from an economic point of view, the public as well as those involved in nature management no longer seem to accept the dominant position of agriculture. Besides a literature study, we performed a field study with in-depth interviews with experts from both practices to analyze the dynamics of the internal moralities of both practices in the previous century, in order to clarify the contemporary situation. The conclusion was that the traditionally strong position of agriculture is not only weakening; it also appears that the internal values of agriculture are changing. The experts from both sides agreed that, in case of a disease outbreak, it is neither ethically justified nor necessary (because of the estimated low risk of disease transfer) to destroy the animals in nature reservations as a routine preventive measure. This is a major shift in morality.     

Evaluation of the impact of forest reserves on harvesting costs and provincial revenues in ontario

The establishment of forest reserves for the benefit of other resources and other land uses in areas where timber harvesting is taking place constitutes a significant withdrawal of wood fiber annually in Ontario.This article reports on a case study carried out on a representative forest area in northern Ontario where the primary land use is timber extraction. The results projected to the whole province show that the direct cost to the provincial economy of removing these forest lands from timber production is of the order of $2.5 million annually.     

东洞庭湖国家自然保护区湿地生态灾害应急能力评价

健康的湿地生态系统,是国家生态安全体系的重要组成部分和社会经济可持续发展的重要基础。根据AHP法确定了能较综合反映研究区灾害应急能力的6个一级评价指标和28个二级指标,并计算出研究区湿地生态灾害应急能力值R为77.467,介于70~80之间,说明研究区生态灾害应急能力属于良好,但还有很大的提高空间。针对如何人为完善生态系统的功能、提高指挥部门到达现场的速度、重视生态系统自我修复能力的培养、注重部门平时救灾演习的成绩提出了6点对策。     

地质工程项目风险管理的探讨

整个地质工程系统具有时间维度和空间维度两大基本特征,在时间维度上主要表现为自然系统的客观存在性和人们认知能力的有限性,在空间维度上主要表现为系统作用域的风险性。笔者结合我国地质工程项目实施现状,分析目前的工程保险制度、监理委托关系和检测机构委托关系存在的各种风险因素;提出解决上述风险的对策和建议;并对地质工程项目风险管理的程序、方法和手段进行了探讨。