北方农牧交错区碳排放时空演变及减排路径

农牧交错区在我国能源供给和生态格局中具有重要的战略地位,探究其碳排放时空变化特征有助于深入了解我国能源生产基地的历史碳排放信息,为推动区域节能降碳和制定差异化的减排政策提供数据参考,对实现低碳经济发展具有重要意义.基于土地利用、夜间灯光及省级能源消费碳排放数据构建碳排放空间化模型,运用全局莫兰指数（Moran's I）和热点分析探究北方农牧交错区1995～2020年碳排放时空变化及聚集特征,并结合2010～2020年各城市的碳排放效率和减排潜力指数对城市分类后提出差异化的减排路径.结果表明：(1)多源数据构建的碳排放空间化模型在市级尺度的估算结果线性拟合R2可达0.92.(2)农牧交错区的碳排放总量从1995年的17 629.13万t增加到了2020年的101 450.8万t;但碳排放强度和增长速度均有所降低,与能源结构调整和能源效率提升有关.在空间分布上,高碳排放城市随时间变化依次为大同、包头和榆林.(3)研究区碳排放在县域尺度上呈现显著的全局空间正相关,热点区主要分布在晋陕蒙交界处,冷点区在2010年后由延安扩展到了庆阳和固原.(4)各城市基于碳排放效率和减排潜力指数的差异,可划分为：“高效率高潜力型”、“低效率高潜力型”、“高效率低潜力型”和“低效率低潜力型”这4类来实施有针对性的减排策略.     

云南省城市生活垃圾处理温室气体排放特征

根据《IPCC国家温室气体清单指南》和《省级温室气体清单编制指南》方法,建立2018年云南省16个州(市)城市生活垃圾处理温室气体排放清单,包括生活垃圾填埋和焚烧处理过程,并分析了温室气体排放的时间分布、空间分布和影响因素等。结果表明;(1)2018年云南省生活垃圾处理温室气体总排放量为536万t CO_2当量,各州(市)间排放量差异明显,滇中经济发达地区和滇东北人口密度较高地区排放量明显高于滇西北地区。(2)2005—2018年,云南省生活垃圾处理排放的温室气体量增长了191.3%,温室气体排放组成发生明显变化,CH4比重不断下降,CO_2比重不断增加。(3)城镇人口数量、生活垃圾处理量、经济发展水平与温室气体排放量显著相关,其中人口数量更为明显。     

2006~2020年广东省大气甲醛排放演变特征

大气甲醛（HCHO）是臭氧（O₃）和细颗粒物（PM_2.5）二次组分的关键前体物,在大气光化学反应和二次污染形成过程中扮演着重要角色,并存在致癌性.然而,当前对大气HCHO排放来源认识存在不足,制约了二次污染形成机制研究和污染防控策略制定.采用排放因子和成分谱结合方法,建立2006~2020年广东省HCHO排放趋势清单,识别了广东省主要HCHO排放来源和排放时空演变特征.结果表明,2006~2020年期间广东省HCHO排放量在3.9~5.6万t区间波动,整体呈现极微弱的下降趋势;生物质燃烧源是广东省重要HCHO排放源,而受到管控措施的显著影响,其排放量占比从2006年的58%降至2020年的27%;溶剂使用源的HCHO排放则逐渐突显,2020年占比增长至28%,并成为广东省首要排放源,其中塑料制品和沥青铺路是主要贡献行业.移动源中以柴油作为燃料的工程机械和货车也是HCHO重要排放来源;虽然珠三角和非珠三角地区对广东省HCHO排放量贡献相当,但空间分布结果表明HCHO排放热点区域分别集中于珠三角中心区域和非珠三角的东西两角,这是由于珠三角主要来源为溶剂使用源和移动源,而非珠三角主要受生物质燃烧源影响.因此,未来应进一步加强珠三角中心区域的工业和移动源减排以及粤西地区的生物质燃烧监管.     

河流CO2与CH4排放研究进展

河流作为连接海-陆两大碳库的主要通道,其水-气界面二氧化碳(CO_2)与甲烷(CH_4)排放构成全球碳循环的重要环节,对全球气候变暖的贡献不容小觑.明确河流水体CO_2与CH_4产排过程、时空特征以及控制因素是认识河流生态学功能以及其对变化环境响应的重要内容.基于当前河流CO_2与CH_4排放研究进展,构建河流碳排放动力学概念框架(内源代谢、陆源输入),并从全球尺度、区域尺度、流域尺度综述了河流碳排放时空变异性特征以及存在的研究不足.在理解碳排放动力学概念框架和时空变异特征的基础上,构建了河流CO_2与CH_4动力学控制因子分层框架(内部因子:有机质、温度、营养盐;外部因子:水文、地貌、人类活动),深入探讨了河流碳排放的关键影响因素.最后,根据当前研究中存在的不足,提出河流碳排放应将纳入区域陆地碳平衡过程,今后研究重点应包括流域尺度上河流CO_2与CH_4内源产生与陆源输入相对贡献的量化研究、不同界面CO_2与CH_4产生与排放过程研究、高时空分辨率的监测数据的补充以及变化环境与人类活动干扰下河流碳排放的响应过程等,为理解河流生态学过程及生态系统功能提供基础,同时为我国进一步深入开展相关研究提供借鉴.     

减污降碳协同治理纳入生态环境管理体系探讨

现阶段,减污降碳协同治理纳入生态环境管理体系尚处于探索期,在现有的制度框架下,管理机制和技术方法还需完善。通过厘清各制度环节中的责任主体、边界范围、职能定位等,梳理分析了减污降碳协同治理纳入生态环境管理体系过程中面临的主要挑战以及基于生态环境管理体系的减污降碳协同治理框架。运用现有生态环境管理体系的主要制度环节中的管理和技术要素,以问题为导向,探讨了在源头防控上,根据减污降碳相关试点内容,需完善“三线一单”、规划环评和建设项目环评中碳评的边界范围、工作内容和管理机制;在过程控制上,进一步构建排污许可数据一体化管理;在执法督察上,探索建立全国碳监测网络等方式,提升监察执法运行效力,强化督察问责工作机制,推动构建减污降碳协同的制度体系。

     

Spatial & temporal variations of PM10 and particle number concentrations in urban air

The size of particles in urban air varies over four orders of magnitude (from 0.001 μm to 10 μm in diameter). In many cities only particle mass concentrations (PM10, i.e. particles <10 μm diameter) is measured. In this paper we analyze how differences in emissions, background concentrations and meteorology affect the temporal and spatial distribution of PM10 and total particle number concentrations (PNC) based on measurements and dispersion modeling in Stockholm, Sweden. PNC at densely trafficked kerbside locations are dominated by ultrafine particles (<0.1 μm diameter) due to vehicle exhaust emissions as verified by high correlation with NOx. But PNC contribute only marginally to PM10, due to the small size of exhaust particles. Instead wear of the road surface is an important factor for the highest PM10 concentrations observed. In Stockholm, road wear increases drastically due to the use of studded tires and traction sand on streets during winter; up to 90% of the locally emitted PM10 may be due to road abrasion. PM10 emissions and concentrations, but not PNC, at kerbside are controlled by road moisture. Annual mean urban background PM10 levels are relatively uniformly distributed over the city, due to the importance of long range transport. For PNC local sources often dominate the concentrations resulting in large temporal and spatial gradients in the concentrations. Despite these differences in the origin of PM10 and PNC, the spatial gradients of annual mean concentrations due to local sources are of equal magnitude due to the common source, namely traffic. Thus, people in different areas experiencing a factor of 2 different annual PM10 exposure due to local sources will also experience a factor of 2 different exposure in terms of PNC. This implies that health impact studies based solely on spatial differences in annual exposure to PM10 may not separate differences in health effects due to ultrafine and coarse particles. On the other hand, health effect assessments based on time series exposure analysis of PM10 and PNC, should be able to observe differences in health effects of ultrafine particles versus coarse particles.     

Aircraft Emissions: A Comparison of Methodologies Based on Different Data Availability

The impact of air traffic on the global atmosphere is characterised by a high degree of uncertainty, concerning both the physico-chemical phenomena involved and the extent of the forcing due to anthropogenic emissions. The different effects of these emissions (e.g. on climate change, stratospheric ozone depletion, acidification, tropospheric ozone formation) are dealt with by different international bodies and conventions (e.g. IPCC, EMEP. . .) which are trying to define a standard methodology allowing countries to evaluate their contributions to global aircraft emissions and to report these figures in a standardised way. The paper compares different methodologies proposed by the joint EMEP/CORINAIR 'Atmospheric Emission Inventory Guidebook' for estimating aircraft emissions. Adjustments to these methodologies have been proposed, in order to integrate some additional data such as the total amount of flight hours per aircraft type or fuel consumption per trip. In case detailed information is not available, we recommend the use of a VERY SIMPLE methodology which may yield acceptable results, provided that every country makes adequate assumptions on the average aircraft type.     

Water Quality Evaluation and Trend Analysis in Selected Watersheds of the Atlantic Region of Canada

Water quality indices (WQIs) have been developed to assess the suitability of water for a variety of uses. These indices reflect the status of water quality in lakes, streams, rivers, and reservoirs. The concept of WQIs is based on a comparison of the concentration of contaminants with the respective environmental standards. The number, frequency, and magnitude by which the environmental standards for specific variables are not met in a given time period are reflected in WQIs. Further, the water quality trend analysis predicts the behavior of the water quality parameters and overall water quality in the time domain. In this paper, the concept of WQI was applied to three selected watersheds of Atlantic region: the Mersey River, the Point Wolfe River, and the Dunk River sites. To have robust study, two different water quality indices are used: Canadian Water Quality Index (CWQI), and British Columbia Water Quality Index (BWQI). The complete study was conducted in two steps. The first step was to organize and process the data into a format compatible with WQI analysis. After processing the input data, the WQI was calculated. The second step outlined in the paper discusses detailed trend analysis using linear and quadratic models for all the three sites. As per the 25 years trend analysis, overall water quality for agriculture use observed an improving trend at all the three sites studied. Water quality for raw water used for drinking (prior to treatment) and aquatic uses has shown improving trend at Point Wolfe River. It is further observed that pH, SO₄, and NO₃ concentrations are improving at Dunk River, Mersey River, and Point Wolfe River sites. To ascertain the reliability and significance of the trend analysis, a detailed error analysis and parametric significance tests were also conducted It was observed that for most of the sites and water uses quadratic trend models were a better fit than the linear models.     

基于LCA的钢铁联合企业CO2排放影响因素分析

钢铁企业是CO2排放大户,减少吨钢CO2排放是钢铁企业节约能源、保护环境、走可持续发展道路的必然要求.本研究旨在对钢铁企业产品生命周期清单研究的基础上,识别钢铁企业CO2排放的主要影响因素,提出针对性的减排建议.以某钢铁联合企业的产品生命周期清单模型为平台,同时利用Tornado Chart工具,计算得到对企业CO2排放影响较大的因素,然后提出了相应的减排措施.结果表明,转炉流程对于钢铁企业的影响要大于电炉流程;对该企业CO2排放有重大影响和相关影响的因素有:高炉煤气(BFG)的CO2排放系数、连铸坯的钢水单耗、热轧的板坯单耗、转炉的铁水比.减少钢铁联合企业CO2排放的有效措施是采取捕集BFG中的CO2、降低转炉的铁水比、加强副产煤气的回收以及优化企业的产品生产结构.     

Applying CES to assembly and comparing carbon footprints

A Carbon Emission Signature (CES) and a Carbon Emission Label have been proposed for manufactured products in previous CIRP (Collège International pour la Recherche en Productique) annals. This paper considers two things: (1) an example of a CES calculation for assembly with CO₂ emissions and (2) the need for a transparent method of calculation. In comparing carbon footprint calculations for 17 websites, the results are found to vary more than threefold depending upon the site used and even more between different methods illustrating the need for standardisation in emission calculations for carbon accounting.