Catalytic performance of Fe3O4-CoO/Al2O3 catalyst in ozonation of 2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)propionic acid, nitrobenzene and oxalic acid in water

Fe3O4-CoO/Al2O3 catalyst was prepared by incipient wetness impregnation using Fe(NO3) 3·9H2O and Co(NO3) 2·6H2O as the precursors,and its catalytic performance was investigated in ozonation of 2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) propionic acid(2,4-DP) ,nitrobenzene and oxalic acid.The experimental results indicated that Fe3O4-CoO/Al2O3 catalyst enabled an interesting improvement of ozonation eciency during the degradation of each organic pollutant,and the Fe3O4-CoO/Al2O3 catalytic ozonation system followed a radical-type mechanism.The kinetics of ozonation alone and Fe3O4-CoO/Al2O3 catalytic ozonation of three organic pollutants in aqueous solution were discussed under the mere consideration of direct ozone reaction and OH radical reaction to well investigate its performance.In the catalytic ozonation of 2,4-DP,the apparent reaction rate constants(k) were determined to be 1.456×10-2 min-1 for ozonation alone and 4.740×10-2 min-1 for O3/Fe3O4-CoO/Al2O3.And O3/Fe3O4-CoO/Al2O3 had a larger Rct(6.614×10-9) calculated by the relative method than O3 did(1.800×10-9) ,showing O3/Fe3O4-CoO/Al2O3 generated more hydroxyl radical.Similar results were also obtained in the catalytic ozonation of nitrobenzene and oxalic acid.The above results demonstrated that the catalytic performance of Fe3O4-CoO/Al2O3 in ozonation of studied organic substance was universal to a certain degree.     

紫外光降解反应器去除氯苯气体模型的建立与应用

从光化学反应过程出发,基于线性光源球面辐射能量分布（LSSE）,以反应器内部空间的辐射能吸收密度、空塔停留时间、进口浓度等为主要参数,建立了气相环境中紫外光化学反应器去除氯苯的数学模型.结果表明,建立的模型能很好地模拟和预测紫外光化学反应器对氯苯气体的去除性能.氯苯气体的紫外光化学反应表现出一级反应动力学的特征.该模型包含了紫外光降解反应器设计的主要参数,同时被用于预测了反应器在不同进口浓度和不同空塔停留时间条件下的出口氯苯浓度,进而获得不同进口浓度达标排放所需要的最小空塔停留时间,为气相污染物的紫外光降解反应器的设计与运行提供了重要的理论指导.     

基于树种蓄积量的中国森林VOC排放估算

以中国森林优势树种为对象,应用《全国森林资源统计》提供的林分优势树种蓄积量资料和Guenther提出的光温影响模型,估算各优势树种的VOC排放量,建立了中国森林生态系统的VOC排放清单,并探讨了森林源VOC在不同时空和不同龄级林分中的分配规律.结果表明,中国森林VOC总排放量为8 565.76 Gg,其中异戊二烯5 689.38 Gg(66.42%),单萜烯1 343.95 Gg(15.69%),其他VOC 1 532.43 Gg(17.89%);不同树种的VOC排放量差异较大,栎类、云杉、马尾松等为主要贡献树种,贡献率分别为45.22%、6.34%和5.22%;西南和东北地区为中国森林VOC主要排放区域,云南、四川、黑龙江、吉林、陕西5省排放最多,分别占全国总量的15.09%、12.58%、10.35%、7.49%和7.37%;森林VOC排放存在非常强的季节性变化,夏季排放量最大,占全年的56.66%;不同龄级林分对VOC排放的贡献有所不同,中龄林贡献最多,占森林排放总量的38.84%.     

硝基苯、苯胺在湿地土壤不同有机组分中的吸附特征

应用平衡法研究了湿地土壤不同有机组分对硝基苯和苯胺的吸附行为.结果表明,吸附等温线经拟合后均符合Freundlich模型,可决系数分别为R2=0.983～0.997,R2=0.963～0.991(P<0.01,n=5),土壤不同有机组分对硝基苯和苯胺的吸附表现为非线性特征,其吸附过程与有机质含量和结构有关.硝基苯和苯胺在湿地土壤中的吸附主要受腐殖酸、易氧化有机质组分和脂类化合物的影响,其中腐殖酸对硝基苯和苯胺具有最大的吸附容量;脂类化合物表现为与硝基苯、苯胺竞争土壤有机质结构中的吸附位点,去除脂类化合物后残余物的吸附量增大;矿物组分对硝基苯和苯胺的吸附是次要的,吸附容量仅为2.31mg·kg-1和3.63mg·kg-1.硝基苯和苯胺的Koc值分别按如下顺序增加:碱提取残余物<原始土<过氧化氢氧化残余物<苯/甲醇提取残余物,原始土<苯/甲醇提取残余物<过氧化氢氧化残余物<碱提取残余物.     

改性兰炭末对硝基苯生产废水的吸附处理

采用H_2O_2溶液对兰炭末进行改性,并将改性后的兰炭末用于硝基苯生产废水(COD为560 mg/L)的吸附处理。对改性前后的兰炭末进行了表征,考察了吸附效果的影响因素,并对吸附前后改性兰炭末的燃烧热进行了测定。表征结果显示,兰炭末经改性后比表面积和孔径均增大。实验结果表明:在改性兰炭末投加量为0.2 g/m L、吸附时间为180 min、吸附温度为30℃的条件下,废水的COD去除率为93.4%,处理出水达到GB 8978—1996《污水综合排放标准》中规定的排放标准;改性兰炭末对废水中COD的吸附过程符合准二级动力学方程和Freundlich等温吸附模型;吸附后的改性兰炭末燃烧热值增大。     

吹扫捕集／气相色谱－质谱法测定水中挥发性有机物的质量控制研究

影响吹扫捕集／气相色谱－质谱法测定水中挥发性有机物的因素很多,如空气中的挥发性有机物可能通过采样瓶的扩散,使准确性和可靠性降低。结合环境监测工作实际,按分流比20∶1分流进样,选择11＃捕集阱,样品解析时选择解析时间0．5 min,选择吹扫管支座温度为40℃,选择与目标化合物相比相对保留时间在0．8～1．20之间内标物,同时样品采集、保存、运输和器皿清洗等条件严格按照国标方法进行,可以确保吹扫捕集／气相色谱－质谱法测定的精密度和准确度。     

炼油行业泄漏检测与修复技术实践研究

炼油行业排放的大气污染物主要是挥发性有机物,是形成二次污染物的重要前体物,也是引发大气环境问题的重要污染物.以天津某炼油企业泄漏检测与修复技术的工作实践为例,结合炼油行业生产装置的工艺特点,介绍在该行业开展泄漏检测与修复技术时的工作流程,包括设备和管线组件密封点位的建档、检测、泄漏点位的修复、复测以及泄漏量核算方法,对炼油行业开展泄漏检测与修复工作减少挥发性有机物无组织的排放起到借鉴作用.     

液相色谱法对环境空气中酰胺类化合物的测定研究

采用液相色谱法对环境空气中的酰胺类化合物进行了测定,优化了实验条件.液相色谱采用C18柱,以水∶乙腈(93∶7)为流动相,流速为0.5 mL/min,柱温:30℃,紫外检测器波长198 nm.二甲基甲酰胺的检出限为0.006 3 mg/m3,三个不同浓度的加标回收率为95.0％～98.3％;二甲基乙酰胺的检出限为0.009 2 mg/m3,三个不同浓度的加标回收率为91.3％～98.2％;丙烯酰胺的检出限为0.004 9 mg/m3,三个不同浓度的加标回收率为96.3％～102％.     

Volatile organic compound emissions from straw-amended agricultural soils and their relations to bacterial communities: A laboratory study

A laboratory study was conducted to investigate volatile organic compound(VOC) emissions from agricultural soil amended with wheat straw and their associations with bacterial communities for a period of 66 days under non-flooded and flooded conditions. The results indicated that ethene, propene, ethanol, i-propanol, 2-butanol, acetaldehyde, acetone,2-butanone, 2-pentanone and acetophenone were the 10 most abundant VOCs, making up over 90% of the total VOCs released under the two water conditions. The mean emission of total VOCs from the amended soils under the non-flooded condition(5924 ng C/(kg·hr)) was significantly higher than that under the flooded condition(2211 ng C/(kg·hr)). One "peak emission window" appeared at days 0–44 or 4–44, and over 95% of the VOC emissions occurred during the first month under the two water conditions. Bacterial community analysis using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis(DGGE) showed that a relative increase of Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and γ-Proteobacteria but a relative decrease of Acidobacteria with time were observed after straw amendments under the two water conditions. Cluster analysis revealed that the soil bacterial communities changed greatly with incubation time, which was in line with the variation of the VOC emissions over the experimental period. Most of the above top 10 VOCs correlated positively with the predominant bacterial species of Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and Verrucomicrobia but correlated negatively with the dominant bacterial species of Actinobacteria under the two water conditions. These results suggested that bacterial communities might play an important role in VOC emissions from straw-amended agricultural soils.     

湖北省主要固定燃烧源大气颗粒物及VOCs排放特征研究

于2014年1月至12月对湖北省9个城市21家典型企业的固定燃烧源进行了典型大气颗粒物及挥发性有机物(VOCs)的监测工作,研究了固定燃烧源大气颗粒物及VOCs的排放特征及其物质组成。结果表明:大气颗粒物年排放总量与装机容量呈正相关关系,颗粒物粒径越细占总颗粒物的质量百分比越低;不同燃料的锅炉废气中的PM10和PM2.5质量浓度表现为:石油焦煤生活垃圾,燃气锅炉废气中只检出PM1.0;焦化厂和炼铁厂锅炉废气中的VOCs以烯(炔)烃为主,各占79.21%和81.09%,乙烯占总VOCs的百分比最高,分别为69.13%和68.88%;燃油锅炉废气中的VOCs以烯(炔)烃(91.74%)为主,燃气锅炉废气中的VOCs以烯(炔)烃(37.96%)和醛脂(38.79%)为主;锅炉废气中VOCs的组分和浓度受锅炉使用类型和燃料类型差异的影响,排放废气中的VOCs浓度水平表现为:焦化厂锅炉炼铁厂锅炉,燃油锅炉燃气锅炉,且组分更复杂。