吹扫捕集-气相色谱／质谱法测定水中25种挥发性有机物研究

建立了吹扫捕集与气相色谱／质谱联用测定水中25种挥发性有机物的分析方法。该方法的加标回收率在90％-119％之间,响应因子（RF）的相对标准偏差均小于20％,检出限在0．04μg／L-0．22μg／L之间。该方法具有简单、快速、准确、灵敏,无其他有机物的污染等优点,适用于地表水、地下水和饮用水中挥发性有机物的测定,结果令人满意。     

Fate and degradation of nonylphenolic compounds during wastewater treatment process

In order to explore the biodegradation behavior of nonylphenolic compounds during wastewater treatment processing, two full-scale wastewater treatment plants were investigated and batch biodegradation experiments were conducted. The biodegradation pathways under the various operational conditions were identified from batch experiments: shortening of ethoxy-chains dominated under the anaerobic condition, whereas oxidizing of the terminal alcoholic group prevailed over the other routes under the aerobic condition. Results showed that the anoxic condition could accelerate the biodegradation rates of nonylphenolic compounds, but had no influence on the biodegradation pathway. The biodegradation rates of nonylphenol (NP) and short-chain nonylphenol polyethoxylates (NPnEOs, n: number of ethoxy units) increased from the anaerobic condition, then the anoxic, finally to the aerobic condition, while those of long-chain NPnEOs and nonylphenoxy carboxylates (NPECs) seemed similar under the various conditions. Under every operational condition, long-chain NPnEOs showed the highest biodegradation activity, followed by NPECs and short-chain NPnEOs, whereas NP showed relatively recalcitrant characteristics especially under the anaerobic condition. In addition, introducing sulfate and nitrate to the anaerobic condition could enhance the biodegradation of NP and short-chain NPnEOs by supplying more positive redox potentials.     

自来水处理工艺对溶解相中全氟化合物残留的影响

为探究自来水原水到出厂水各处理环节对自来水中全氟化合物(perfluorinated compounds,PFCs)残留的影响,了解原水中PFCs的季节性变化规律,应用WAX固相萃取分离富集与高效液相色谱-质谱联用相结合的方法,分析了深圳市某自来水厂一年间原水、出厂水及絮凝池、沉降池、砂滤池、臭氧+活性炭池出水溶解相中13种PFCs的残留水平.结果表明,原水和出厂水中ΣPFCs残留呈春夏高而秋冬低的趋势,检出的PFCs呈中短链(C≤10)长链(C≥11)的分布,而全氟辛烷磺酸是PFCs最典型残留种态.在原水经过的5个处理环节中,臭氧+活性炭、沉降和砂滤具有PFCs去除效应,然而絮凝和液氯消毒却分别使短链(C≤6)和中链(10≥C≥7)PFCs显著上升,导致出厂水中ΣPFCs浓度较原水增加了10%～44%.但出厂水中PFCs残留远低于其限值,尚不足以影响人体健康.     

青岛市臭氧污染与非污染期间VOCs化学特征及来源解析

青岛市夏季臭氧浓度水平高且污染事件频发,开展臭氧污染过程和非污染时期的挥发性有机物(VOCs)及其臭氧生成潜势(OFP)的精细化来源解析研究,对于有效降低沿海城市的大气臭氧污染,持续改善环境空气质量将会发挥重要的作用.因此,利用青岛市2020年夏季(6～8月)小时分辨率的在线VOCs监测数据,分析臭氧污染过程和非臭氧污染时期环境VOCs的化学特征,并通过正定矩阵因子分解(PMF)模型进行了环境VOCs及其OFP的精细化来源解析研究.结果表明,青岛市夏季环境ρ(TVOCs)平均值为93.8μg·m^-3,臭氧污染过程相较于非臭氧污染时期TVOCs浓度上升了49.3%,其中芳香烃浓度增加最显著,增加了59.7%.夏季环境VOCs总的OFP达到246.3μg·m^-3,臭氧污染过程相较于非臭氧污染时期环境VOCs的总OFP增加了43.1%;其中烷烃增加最多,增加了58.8%.间-乙基甲苯和2,3-二甲基戊烷是臭氧污染过程中OFP增加幅度最大的物种.青岛市夏季环境VOCs的主要贡献源为柴油车(11.2%)、溶剂使用(4.7%)、液化石油气及天然气(27....     

基于WRF-CMAQ/ISAM模型的榆林市夏季O3来源解析

为了更清楚地了解榆林市夏季臭氧污染来源,提出科学的治理建议,利用WRF-CMAQ模型对2019年7月榆林市和周边地区(包含太原市、西安市、银川市和呼和浩特市等省会城市)的O₃浓度进行模拟;利用ISAM模块,对榆林市一次重污染过程的O₃和其前体物NO_x、 VOCs来源进行量化.结果表明,重污染日榆林市的O₃主要来自模拟区域外的远距离传输(55.5%),其次是模拟区域内前体物的光化学反应生成(20.6%,榆林市、山西省、内蒙古自治区和陕西省依次为10.0%、 5.0%、 2.3%和2.1%,甘肃省、宁夏回族自治区和河南省合计为1.2%)和初始条件(0.3%),剩余来源(23.6%)未能被成功标记;榆林市处于VOCs控制区,其VOCs由烷烃(76.5%)、酮类(9.2%)和其它种类的VOCs(14.3%)构成,VOCs来源有模拟区域内的污染源排放(45.6%,榆林市、山西省、内蒙古自治区和陕西省依次为22.0%、 11.4%、 6.3%和5.1%,甘肃省、宁夏回族自治区和河南省合计为0.8%)和模拟区域外...     

基于铁塔观测的深圳大气VOCs垂直分布特征

2018年8～9月,利用深圳市铁塔的11个垂直梯度平台进行了9轮挥发性有机物(VOCs)不锈钢罐采样,并应用气相色谱质谱联用仪(GC/MS)对103种VOCs组分进行定量分析,研究不同垂直高度上VOCs组分特征及对近地面臭氧(O₃)生成的影响.结果表明,从地面到345m高空VOCs总体污染水平相近,在垂直梯度上变化不大;但烯烃浓度随高度上升呈现下降趋势,主要受地面天然源排放的异戊二烯主导.结合典型物种及物种对的分析发现,日间的二次生成、工业排放和光化学反应消耗是影响垂直梯度上VOCs浓度变化的主要原因.应用混合层梯度方法对VOCs通量进行计算发现,烷烃(28%)和芳香烃(23%)的通量贡献最多;二氯甲烷(1.93±0.29)mg/(m²·h)、甲苯(1.86±0.39)mg/(m²·h)具有较高的垂直通量值.结合二氧化氮(NO₂)和O₃垂直廓线的关系分析得出,总挥发性有机物(TVOCs)/NO₂在300m以上高空达到峰值,更加有利于O₃     

Characterization, reactivity, source apportionment, and potential source areas of ambient volatile organic compounds in a typical tropical city

Based on one-year observation, the concentration, sources, and potential source areas of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were comprehensively analyzed to investigate the pollution characteristics of ambient VOCs in Haikou, China. The results showed that the annual average concentration of total VOCs (TVOCs) was 11.4 ppbV, and the composition was dominated by alkanes (8.2 ppbV, 71.4%) and alkenes (1.3 ppbV, 20.5%). The diurnal variation in the concentration of dominant VOC species showed a distinct bimodal distribution with peaks in the morning and evening. The greatest contribution to ozone formation potential (OFP) was made by alkenes (51.6%), followed by alkanes (27.2%). The concentrations of VOCs and nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) in spring and summer were low, and it was difficult to generate high ozone (O₃) concentrations through photochemical reactions. The significant increase in O₃ concentrations in autumn and winter was mainly related to the transmission of pollutants from the northeast. Traffic sources (40.1%), industrial sources (19.4%), combustion sources (18.6%), solvent usage sources (15.5%) and plant sources (6.4%) were identified as major sources of VOCs through the positive matrix factorization (PMF) model. The southeastern coastal areas of China were identified as major potential source areas of VOCs through the potential source contribution function (PSCF) and concentration-weighted trajectory (CWT) models. Overall, the concentration of ambient VOCs in Haikou was strongly influenced by traffic sources and long-distance transport, and the control of VOCs emitted from vehicles should be strengthened to reduce the active species of ambient VOCs in Haikou, thereby reducing the generation of O₃.     

Review of the influencing factors of secondary organic aerosol formation and aging mechanism based on photochemical smog chamber simulation methods

The formation and aging mechanism of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) and its influencing factors have attracted increasing attention in recent years because of their effects on climate change, atmospheric quality and human health. However, there are still large errors between air quality model simulation results and field observations. The currently undetected components during the formation and aging of SOA due to the limitation of current monitoring techniques and the interactions among multiple SOA formation influencing factors might be the main reasons for the differences. In this paper, we present a detailed review of the complex dynamic physical and chemical processes and the corresponding influencing factors involved in SOA formation and aging. And all these results were mainly based the studies of photochemical smog chamber simulation. Although the properties of precursor volatile organic compounds (VOCs), oxidants (such as OH radicals), and atmospheric environmental factors (such as NO_x, SO₂, NH₃, light intensity, temperature, humidity and seed aerosols) jointly influence the products and yield of SOA, the nucleation and vapor pressure of these products were found to be the most fundamental aspects when interpreting the dynamics of the SOA formation and aging process. The development of techniques for measuring intermediate species in SOA generation processes and the study of SOA generation and aging mechanism in complex systems should be important topics of future SOA research.     

京津冀地区典型印刷企业VOCs排放特征及臭氧生成潜势分析

本研究在京津冀地区选取23家典型印刷企业进行调研,并对其中具备采样条件的企业通过气袋采样-GC-MSD/FID采集及分析系统,获得48组分析结果,定量分析了京津冀地区印刷企业VOCs的排放特征,并估算其臭氧生成潜势.结果表明,各企业排气筒有组织排放的VOCs(以非甲烷总烃表征)浓度差异很大,包装印刷企业VOCs排放浓度范围为29. 9～755. 0 mg·m~(-3),出版物印刷企业VOCs排放浓度范围为3. 3～99. 0 mg·m~(-3);各企业车间印刷工位中,包装印刷企业VOCs排放浓度在129. 7～958. 4 mg·m~(-3)之间,出版物印刷企业VOCs排放浓度范围为19. 1～113. 7 mg·m~(-3);包装印刷企业排放的VOCs浓度普遍高于出版物印刷企业,这与其使用溶剂型油墨有关. VOCs组分构成方面,包装印刷和出版物印刷企业印刷工位排放的VOCs中,含氧VOCs均为首要VOCs种类,占比在32. 6%～99. 4%之间,其次是烷烃.臭氧生成潜势方面,印刷企业臭氧生成潜势(OFP值)平均值为505. 5 mg·m~(-3),其中包装印刷企业为564. 1 mg·m~(-3),出版物印刷企业为52. 9 mg·m~(-3);臭氧生成系数(SR值)平均值为1. 24 g·g-1,其中包装印刷企业为1. 70 g·g-1、出版物印刷企业为0. 89 g·g-1.从OFP值和SR值可以看出,包装印刷企业应作为未来京津冀地区印刷行业VOCs管控的重点.     

建筑胶黏剂使用VOCs排放系数与排放清单

建筑装饰是我国VOCs重要人为排放源之一,关于建筑胶黏剂VOCs排放相关研究极少.本文以建筑胶黏剂为研究对象,通过实测获取各类建筑胶黏剂VOCs含量水平和排放系数,采用排放系数法,自上而下建立了我国2013~2017年建筑胶黏剂VOCs排放清单.结果表明,建筑胶黏剂使用VOCs综合排放系数为97 kg·t^-1,其中溶剂型、水基型和本体型建筑胶黏剂的VOCs排放系数分别为543、45和63 kg·t^-1;2013~2017年我国建筑胶黏剂使用VOCs排放量分别为16.5、18.1、18.8、20.1和21.9万t.水基型、本体型和溶剂型建筑胶黏剂的VOCs排放量贡献分别为25.5%、23.6%和50.9%;2017年山东、江苏、浙江、四川、广东、河南、云南和福建等8省贡献较大,排放量合计为12.0万t,占全国建筑胶黏剂VOCs排放量的约55%.