有机污染源标志物的探讨及其研究意义

在分析广州市饮用水源水及自来水厂沉淀地底泥、市售洗衣粉、洗洁精等样品中有机污染物的基础上,探讨正构烷烃、藿烷、多环芳烃、苯基长链正构烷烃、长链烷基酚等化合物的污染源指示作用,由此探索判别污染源的特征性污染物（污染物标志物）,从而探讨广州市饮用水源水的污染源,这将对于评价水体污染状况、控制污染源排放等具有重要的现实意义。     

不同工作环境人群多环芳烃的日暴露总量

研究了100名处于不同工作与生活环境人群14种PAHs化合物的24h个体呼吸(PM10和气相)及饮食暴露量.结果表明,参试人群按PAHs暴露量从大到小顺序排列为焦炉炉顶工人>焦炉炉侧工人>焦炉炉底工人>炼钢管理人员>办公室工作人员.焦炉工人BaP日暴露量可达8~25g/d;焦炉工人PAHs日暴露量为一般人群的几十至上百倍,造成差异的原因主要是不同人群日呼吸暴露量的不同,而饮食暴露量的组间差异不大;除二苯并(a,h)蒽外的13种PAHs化合物日暴露量两两呈显著正相关.     

近百年来新疆博斯腾湖多环芳烃的组成及变化特征

本研究分析了新疆博斯腾湖沉积岩芯中16种多环芳烃(PAHs)的垂直分布情况,并对其来源和生态风险进行了初步评估.结果表明,沉积岩芯中总PAHs的变化范围为37.5~184.5 ng·g-1,其中主要成分为萘和菲.近百年来,在20世纪50年代前后,沉积物中PAHs以及各主要组份出现明显变化.20世纪50年代以前,总PAHs和各组分变化相对稳定,并以低分子量PAHs组成为主.20世纪50年代后,高分子量PAHs开始出现并呈现波动上升,尤其是20世纪90年代以来,总PAHs及各组分都出现明显增加,至表层达到峰值,表明湖泊流域除了受人类低温燃烧排放影响外,近年来受工业和机动车尾气等高温燃烧释放的PAHs影响也明显增加.但通过风险评估表明,博斯腾湖中PAHs不会造成生态风险.     

降解多环芳烃的菌株Gordonia sp.He4的分离鉴定及其在菲污染土壤修复过程中的动态变化

从石油污染土壤中分离得到1株降解石油烃类污染物的He4菌株.该菌株能够以正十六烷、苯、萘、蒽、菲和芘作为唯一的碳源生长.经过对其形态特征、生理生化、以及16S rRNA基因序列分析,该菌株初步鉴定为Gordoniasp..通过分析其16S rRNA基因序列,设计引物并构建了竞争性模板.通过竞争性定量PCR（quantitative competitive-PCR）分析了该菌株在含有菲的污染土壤中数量的变化.结果表明,部分菌株He4在土壤中转变为不可培养状态,采用传统的稀释涂布菌落计数法（CFU）无法对其进行定量,而通过QC-PCR能够较准确地测定土壤中微生物的动态变化.     

南京大气PM10谱分布和细粒子中多环芳烃的研究

文章使用分级采样器采集夏秋两季南京市不同功能区的大气PM10样品,运用GC-MS等方法,研究细粒子中的多环芳烃(PAHs)的分布特征和污染来源。结果表明:各功能区秋季细粒子质量浓度均大于夏季,本底区细粒子质量浓度最低,为41.7～59.0μg/m3;交通商业区浓度最高,为206.5～467.0μg/m3。各功能区PM1...     

藻菌系统降解偶氮染料的机理研究

研究了藻、菌及藻菌共存系统对偶氮染料降解的机理.50种偶氮染料的降解试验表明,多数偶氮染料可被藻、菌或二者共存系统所降解.藻也能单独降解偶氮染料,其降解机理基本一致:偶氮化合物的偶氮双键首先被还原裂解,产生芳香胺,芳香胺再被进一步降解.偶氮双键还原是由偶氮还原酶催化的.偶氮还原酶受氧抑制.芳香胺的降解是需氧的.     

厦门马銮湾养殖海区多环芳烃的污染特征

通过两个航次对厦门马銮湾养殖区及厦门西海域非养殖区的表层海水及沉积物中的多环芳烃的含量，组成进行调查。结果发现：马銮湾养殖区表层海水中多环芳烃的含量已达到生态毒理评价标准，马銮湾养殖海区的表层海水中多环芳烃的含量及组成存在明显的时间差异；马銮湾养殖海区沉积物中的多环芳烃含量明显高于非养殖区，并且在养殖海区的沉积物中检测到苯并（b)荧蒽，吲哚芘和苯并（ghi)Bei等没有最低安全值的高分子量多环芳烃的存在，直接威胁养殖水体的安全。此外，还对马銮湾养殖海区中多环芳烃污染的来源进行了分析。     

Measurement of in-vehicle volatile organic compounds under static conditions

The types and quantities of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) inside vehicles have been determined in one new vehicle and two old vehicles under static conditions using the Thermodesorber-Gas Chromatograph/Mass Spectrometer (TD-GC/MS).Air sampling and analysis was conducted under the requirement of USEPA Method TO-17.A room-size,environment test chamber was utilized to provide stable and accurate control of the required environmental conditions (temperature,humidity,horizontal and vertical airflow velocity,and background VOCs concentration).Static vehicle testing demonstrated that although the amount of total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) detected within each vehicle was relatively distinct (4940μg/m~3 in the new vehicle A,1240μg/m~3 in used vehicle B,and 132μg/m~3 in used vehicle C),toluene,xylene,some aromatic compounds,and various C_7-C_(12) alkanes were among the predominant VOC species in all three vehicles tested.In addition,tetramethyl succinonitrile,possibly derived from foam cushions was detected in vehicle B.The types and quantities of VOCs varied considerably according to various kinds of factors,such as,vehicle age, vehicle model,temperature,air exchange rate,and environment airflow velocity.For example,if the airflow velocity increases from 0.1 m/s to 0.7 m/s,the vehicle's air exchange rate increases from 0.15 h~(-1) to 0.67 h~(-1),and in-vehicle TVOC concentration decreases from 1780 to 1201μg/m~3.     

云南省曲靖燃煤区人群多环芳烃的日暴露特征研究

2007年12月~2008年1月于我国云南省曲靖燃煤区开展人群多环芳烃(PAHs)的暴露评价研究.采用气相色谱/质谱联用(GC/MS)测定了环境样品中16种PAHs的浓度,对暴露的途径及各种PAHs的来源比例进行了分析,以苯并(a)芘(BaP)致癌当量计算了人群日暴露总量.结果表明,人群日饮食暴露量为0.20μg/d,且与WHO报道的水平相当.日空气暴露量为5.26μg/d,占PAHs日暴露总量的96%,表明空气是当地PAHs暴露的主要来源.用BaP当量剂量评价致癌风险时,BaP从数量比3.08%上升至毒性当量比49.6%,低环PAHs毒性当量所占比例明显下降.当地人群BaP平均日暴露量为5.46μg/d,超过了标准限值3μg/d.PAHs暴露给当地环境和人群健康带来了长期危害.     

Characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon emissions from diesel engine retrofitted with selective catalytic reduction and continuously regenerating trap

Two after treatment units, selective catalytic reduction (SCR) and continuously regenerating trap (CRT), were independently retrofitted to a diesel engine, with the objective to investigate their impact on the conversion/reduction (CR) of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The experiments were conducted under the European steady state cycle (ESC) first without any retrofits to get baseline emissions, and then with SCR and CRT respectively, on the same engine. The particulate matter (PM)-phase PAHs were trapped in fiberglass filters, whereas gas-phase PAHs were collected in cartridges, and then analyzed using a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS). Both PM-phase and gas-phase PAHs were greatly reduced with CRT showing respective CR of 90.7% and above 80%, whereas only gas-phase PAHs were abated in the case of SCR, with CR of above 75%. Lower molecular weight (LMW) PAHs were in abundance, while naphthalene exhibited a maximum relative contribution (RC) to LMW-PAHs for all three cases. Further, the CR of naphthalene and anthracene were increased with increasing catalyst temperature of SCR, most likely due to their conversion to solid particles. Moreover, the Benzo[a]Pyrene equivalent (BaP_eq) of PAHs was greatly reduced with CRT, owing to substantial reduction of total PAHs.