代谢表面活性剂菌处理含油污泥的研究

试验采用异位生物修复技术堆肥法,对某炼厂油泥进行生物修复处理研究.用微生物代谢的表面活性剂对油泥进行预处理,洗脱油泥中部分油分后进行堆肥试验,投加从油田含油土壤中获得的以石油为唯一碳源、代谢高效生物表面活性剂的微生物C-2菌、F-2菌以及无机营养物和疏松剂(锯末),降解油泥中的石油污染物.经过外源微生物和内源微生物共同作用120 d,油泥中的石油烃总量由22 910 mg/kg下降到3 000 mg/kg以下.试验利用色谱-质谱联用方法分析了降解前后石油组分的变化.菌株经传统方法鉴定为蜡状芽孢杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌.     

南京市大气可吸入颗粒物中多环芳烃的分布状况

采集南京市大厂和山西路两地区四季度大气PM10样品,用索氏提取-高效液相色谱技术分析其多环芳烃组成及含量,结果表明,两地区多环芳烃总量在42.561ng/m3～121.890ng/m3之间,大厂区浓度明显高于山西路地区,是山西路地区的1.169～2.628倍。大厂地区PAHs总量受季节影响不大,山西路地区浓度与季节呈一定的相关性,即春季>冬季>夏季>秋季,两地区PAHs中蒽、荧蒽、苯并[b]荧蒽、苯并[g,h,i]苝含量相对都较高,表明燃煤和交通是南京市的主要污染源,大厂区燃煤污染更为明显。     

多环芳烃生物修复中的表面活性剂

由于其致癌、致突变和致畸性，多环芳烃(PAHs)成为环境中一类重要的有机污染物。生物修复是一种经济和有效的修复污染土壤的方法。由于PAHs低的水溶性、强的吸附性，使其生物可利用性降低，不利于生物修复。添加表面活性剂是一种常见的加强PAHs生物利用性的方法。文章概述了近年来在多环芳烃生物修复中关于表面活性剂的研究进展。     

PCDD/PCDF,chlorinated pesticides and PAH in Chinese teas

Four samples of Chinese tea (two green teas, and two brick teas) were analyzed for their concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/PCDF), chlorinated pesticides and PAH. The infusions prepared from these teas were also analyzed for PCDD/PCDF. The levels of DDT and its metabolites in tea leaves were within the safety limit of 0.2 mg/kg. Rather high levels of total PAH were obtained in brick tea (1048–1162 mg/kg), when compared with green tea (497–517 mg/kg). In terms of PCDD/PCDF, the concentrations of green tea and brick tea differed by a factor of 16, while the concentrations of all infusions were within a factor of 2. The dioxin concentrations in green tea leaves can be explained through uptake of atmospheric PCDD/PCDF. The higher concentrations in the brick tea leaves are due the longer exposure time, and to certain extent, the use of old leaves, branches and roots when making the tea, and additional components such as soil particulates through contamination. Certain Chinese populations drinking a large amount of brick tea (>3 l per day) indicated that individuals of these populations consume more tea than Europeans or North Americans result in a comparably higher intake of PCDD/PCDF. Tea consumption can attribute to up to 10% of the TDI recommended by WHO (only PCDD/PCDF considered, no PCB analyzed).     

兰州市大气OPAHs污染特征及潜在来源分析

对兰州市冬季（2016-12-01~07）和夏季（2017-08-03~10）大气气相和颗粒相（PM_1.0、PM_2.5和PM₁₀）中含氧多环芳烃（OPAHs）进行观测,结果显示：Σ₈OPAHs （气相+颗粒相）的浓度范围为1.83~19.28ng/m³,平均浓度为（6.45±3.43） ng/m³.冬季是夏季的2.06倍.冬季颗粒相OPAHs在2.5~10和<1.0μm粒径段均具有较大占比,而夏季则主要赋存于PM_1.0中.9-芴酮（9-FLU）、9,10-蒽醌（9,10-ANT）和苯并蒽酮（BZA）为OPAHs中最主要的几种单体物质,其占比为51.8%~94.9%.气粒分配机制研究结果表明：OPAHs在气粒两相间的分配以吸收机制为主导.基于浓度权重轨迹分析法（CWT）对兰州市大气中OPAHs的潜在污染源区进行了分析,发现其潜在污染源区在冬季主要位于当地及其西北方向位于新疆和青海境内的部分地区,而夏季则主要位于该研究区域的东南方向（定西市、天水市等）和东北方向（宁夏回族自治区中卫市）.     

在线表征萘二次有机气溶胶硝基多环芳烃

硝基多环芳烃(NPAHs)广泛存在于大气气溶胶中,是棕色碳的重要组成部分.萘和其他多环芳烃是NPAHs的重要前体物.为研究NO₂对NPAHs形成的影响,本文利用气溶胶激光飞行时间质谱仪(ALTOFMS)在线测定不同NO₂浓度下萘光氧化形成的二次有机气溶胶(SOA)的NPAHs组分.实验结果表明,NO₂对NPAHs的产生和萘SOA的形成有促进作用.通过ALTOFMS在线检测、模糊C均值(FCM)聚类分析,结合离线电喷雾电离质谱验证,测得萘酚和羰基化合物是不存在NO₂时萘SOA粒子主要成分,而通过OH-萘加合物和萘酚硝化产生的硝基萘、二硝基萘、硝基萘酚和二硝基萘酚及其衍生物是NO₂存在时萘SOA粒子的主要组分.这为城市大气高浓度NO_x背景下,研究NPAHs的化学组分和形成机理提供了实验依据.     

The effect of clay catalyst on the chemical composition of bio-oil obtained by co-pyrolysis of cellulose and polyethylene

Cellulose/polyethylene (CPE) mixture 3:1, w/w with and without three clay catalysts (K10 – montmorillonite K10, KSF – montmorillonite KSF, B – Bentonite) addition were subjected to pyrolysis at temperatures 400, 450 and 500 °C with heating rate of 100 °C/s to produce bio-oil with high yield. The pyrolytic oil yield was in the range of 41.3–79.5 wt% depending on the temperature, the type and the amount of catalyst. The non-catalytic fast pyrolysis at 500 °C gives the highest yield of bio-oil (79.5 wt%). The higher temperature of catalytic pyrolysis of cellulose/polyethylene mixture the higher yield of bio-oil is. Contrarily, increasing amount of montmorillonite results in significant, almost linear decrease in bio-oil yield followed by a significant increase of gas yield. The addition of clay catalysts to CPE mixture has a various influence on the distribution of bio-oil components. The addition of montmorillonite K10 to cellulose/polyethylene mixture promotes the deepest conversion of polyethylene and cellulose. Additionally, more saturated than unsaturated hydrocarbons are present in resultant bio-oils. The proportion of liquid hydrocarbons is the highest when a montmorillonite K10 is acting as a catalyst.     

Single-solute and bi-solute sorption of phenanthrene and pyrene onto pine needle cuticular fractions

To better understand interaction mechanisms of pine needles with persistent organic pollutants, single-solute and bi-solute sorption of phenanthrene and pyrene onto isolated cuticular fractions of pine needle were investigated. The structures of cuticular fractions were characterized by elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and solid-state ¹³C NMR. Polymeric lipids (cutin and cutan) exhibited notably higher sorption capabilities than the soluble lipids (waxes), while cellulose showed little affinity with sorbates. With the coexistence of the amorphous cellulose, the sorption of cutan (aromatic core) was completely inhibited, so the cutin components (nonpolar aliphatic moieties) dominated the sorption of bulk needle cuticle. By the consumption of the amorphous cellulose under acid hydrolysis, sorption capacities of the de-sugared fractions were dramatically enhanced, which controlled by the exposed aromatic cores and the aliphatic moieties. Furthermore, the de-sugared fractions demonstrated nonlinear and competitive sorption due to the specific interaction between aromatic cores and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon.     

银川市湿地表层水中多环芳烃的分布、来源及生态风险评价

为研究银川市湿地表层水中多环芳烃(PAHs)的分布、来源与生态风险,采集丰水期和枯水期15个湿地水样,采用气相色谱-质谱联用仪测定水样中16种PAHs的质量浓度,分析了丰水期和枯水期中PAHs的组成,分别运用主成分分析法和正定矩阵因子分解模型对水样中的PAHs进行来源解析,并根据忽略浓度(NCs)及最大允许浓度(MPCs)通过风险熵值法进行生态风险评价.结果表明:①枯水期15个水样中检测出8种多环芳烃,ΣPAHs的浓度范围为1 455. 38～2 538. 84 ng·L-1,丰水期15个水样中检测出12种多环芳烃,ΣPAHs的浓度范围为818. 69～1 582. 14 ng·L-1,枯水期PAHs的浓度普遍高于丰水期.与国内外其它水体相比处于中高污染水平.②枯水期PAHs以3环～5环为主,高低环比例不明显,2～3环占比为35. 6%～59. 2%,4～6环占比为40. 8%～59. 7%;丰水期PAHs以4环和5环为主,低高环占比分别为10. 2%～45. 07%、54. 92%～89. 76%,高环较低环占比较高;③利用主成分分析法及正定矩阵因子分解法对丰水期和枯水期水体中PAHs的来源进行解析,结果表明其PAHs的主要来源为燃烧源及交通污染源.④风险熵值法分析显示银川市湿地水体中枯水期及丰水期的Ba A、Bb F、In P、DBA和Bghi P单体和枯水期的Phe的最高风险浓度风险熵值(RQMPCs)均大于1,可能已经引起一定程度的污染,需引起重视;枯水期表层水中Nap及丰水期表层水中Nap、Ace、Fla、Pyr和Ba P的最低风险浓度风险熵值(RQNCs)均大于1,说明这些单体PAHs可能造成中等程度的污染,需要对PAHs污染加强控制.     

上海市郊道路地表径流多环芳烃污染特征对比及源解析

随着城市化发展,我国城市地表径流污染问题日益突出,交通道路地表径流多环芳烃(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs)污染受到广泛关注.以上海中心城区(漕宝路)和郊区(嘉金高速)交通道路为研究对象,采集2017～2018年7场降雨地表动态径流水样,分析道路地表径流多环芳烃的质量浓度特征及组成比例,并采用特征比值法和正定矩阵因子法(positive matrix factorization,PMF)进行PAHs源解析,从而明确交通道路地表径流PAHs的污染特征及来源差异.结果表明,郊区嘉金高速Σ16PAHs的几何均值(5 539. 2 ng·L~(-1))高于市区漕宝路(548. 1 ng·L~(-1)) 10倍以上,与嘉金高速货车比例大且清扫频率相对较低有关.两个点位的苯并[a]芘[benzo(a) pyrene,Ba P]均超过国家排放标准,尤其嘉金高速超标21倍.漕宝路和嘉金高速径流PAHs组分比例差异不大,均以4～6环为主,占比约80%.通过特征比值法定性源解析发现,漕宝路PAHs主要来自燃煤源和交通源;嘉金高速PAHs主要来自石油、煤等燃烧源和交通源. PMF定量源解析表明,漕宝路径流PAHs来源以燃气、燃煤源为主,占48. 6%,其次为交通排放源和石油源,分别占29. 8%和21. 7%;嘉金高速道路径流PAHs来源贡献比从大到小依次为交通排放源、燃煤源、石油源以及炼焦源,其贡献率分别为38. 5%、34. 6%、14. 6%和12. 6%.市、郊道路的PAHs来源及贡献率存在显著差异,燃气、燃煤源是市区漕宝路地表径流PAHs主要来源,与其所在徐汇区人口密度大、燃气使用量相对较多有关;交通排放源是郊区嘉金高速地表径流PAHs主要来源,与其客、货车流量相对较大、其排放PAHs远高于轿车有关;另外嘉金高速PAHs来源还存在炼焦源,与青浦区工业煤炭使用量较大有关.