南海北部大陆架海洋生态系统演变的Ecopath模型比较分析

过度捕捞和环境恶化导致渔业资源和海洋生态系统逆向发展.采用EwE5.1(Ecopath with Ecosim)软件,对南海北部大陆架分别建立20世纪80年代末期(1989～1992年)、20世纪90年代末期(1997～2000年)和21世纪初期三个代表时间段的Ecopath(生态通道模型)模型.通过三阶段的流量、生物量、生产量、捕捞量、系统总流量、总循环流量以及Finn's循环指数和Finn's平均路径长度等方面的比较分析,得出近20 a的过度捕捞导致系统与渔业资源逐渐退化.20世纪90年代末期休渔政策对此有一些缓和作用,但总趋势不变.     

近60 年ENSO 事件对鄂尔多斯北部地区气候的影响

通过对鄂尔多斯北部的乌拉特中旗、呼和浩特和包头三个城市近60 年来的降水资料和 气温资料的整理和搜集,研究了ENSO 事件对鄂尔多斯北部地区的气候与灾害的影响。分析数据 得出,自1952 年来,鄂尔多斯北部地区的气候呈变暖变干趋势。1952 年以来鄂尔多斯北部地区 年平均气温增长率为0.48℃ ·10a?1,高于全国的平均气温增长率（0.22℃ ·10a?1）;年降水量则处 于略下降趋势,下降率约为5.5 mm·10a?1,低于全国的平均降水下降率（12.69 mm·10a?1）。厄尔 尼诺年年平均气温高出正常年份0.2℃,而拉尼娜年的平均气温比正常年低0.14℃。厄尔尼诺年 的平均降水量比正常年减少29.2 mm,拉尼娜年的平均降水比正常年减少23.9 mm。厄尔尼诺事 件对鄂尔多斯北部地区的灾害影响比拉尼娜事件更为显著和强烈,厄尔尼诺年鄂尔多斯北部地区 更易发生高温干旱灾害。小波分析指示,鄂尔多斯北部降水周期变化在30 a 尺度内存在2 a、4 a、 8 a 和14 a 的变化周期。     

A riparian wildlife habitat evaluation scheme developed using GIS

Recent Italian laws mandate the consideration of environmental factors in local plans, especially at the provincial level of government. The plan for the province of Cremona in northern Italy illustrates the integration of the environment in provincial-level planning. The Cremona plan was developed through an ecological planning approach that occurred from 1994 to 1998. As part of this process, the planning team designed an environmental sustainability index. This index was integrated with an environmental capability analysis. To improve the quality of the Cremona landscape, the planning team developed an ecological network. This network seeks to weave together the natural areas of the province, especially by connecting provincial parks to regional river parks throughout Lombardy. The experience of the Cremona provincial plan has implications for environmental management elsewhere in Italy, Europe, and abroad.     

A HYDROCLIMATOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE RED RWER OF THE NORTH SNOWMELT FLOOD CATASTROPHE OF 19971

ABSTRACT: The flood hydroclimatology of the Grand Forks flood of April 1997, the most costly flood on a per capita basis for a major metropolitan area in United States history, is analyzed in terms of the natural processes that control spring snowmelt flooding in the region. The geomorphological characteristics of the basin are reviewed, and an integrated assessment of the hydroclimatological conditions during the winter of 1996 to 1997 is presented to gain a real‐world understanding of the physical basis of this catastrophic flood event. The Grand Forks flood resulted from the principal flood‐producing factors occurring at either historic or extreme levels, or at levels conducive to severe flooding. Above normal fall precipitation increased the fall soil moisture storage and reduced the spring soil moisture storage potential. A concrete frost layer developed that effectively reduced the soil infiltration capacity to zero. Record snowfall totals and snow cover depths occurred across the basin because of the unusual persistence of a blocking high circulation pattern throughout the winter. A severe, late spring blizzard delayed the snowmelt season and replenished the snow cover to record levels for early April. This blizzard was followed by a sudden transition to an extreme late season thaw due to the abrupt breakdown of the blocking circulation pattern. The presence of river ice contributed to backwater effects and affected the timing of tributary inflows to the main stem of the Red River. Only the absence of spring rains prevented an even more catastrophic flood disaster from taking place. This paper contributes to our understanding of the flood hydroclimatology of catastrophic flood events in an unusual flood hazard region that possesses relatively flat terrain, a north‐flowing river, and an annual peak discharge time series dominated by spring snowmelt floods.     

京杭运河(苏北段)污染状况分析

利用近几年京杭运河苏北各河段的监测结果，分析了京杭运河苏北段的污染状况和主要污染物以及污染来源。结果表明，京杭运河苏北段水质状况整体较差，总体水质为Ⅳ类，主要污染物为无机氮和有机物，最后对污染问题提出治理对策。     

Interregional comparison of karst disturbance: West-central Florida and southeast Italy

The karst disturbance index (KDI) consists of 31 environmental indicators contained within the five broad categories: geomorphology, hydrology, atmosphere, biota, and cultural. The purpose of this research is to apply the KDI to two distinct karst areas, west Florida, USA, and Apulia, Italy. Through its application, the utility of the index can be validated and other important comparisons can be made, such as differences in the karst legislations implemented in each region and the effect of time exposure to human occupation to each karst terrain. Humans have intensively impacted the karst of southeast Italy for thousands of years compared to only decades in west-central Florida. However, west-central Florida's higher population density allows the region to reach disturbance levels comparable to those reached over a longer period in Apulia. Similarly, Italian karst is more diverse than the karst found in west-central Florida, creating an opportunity to test all the KDI indicators. Overall, major disturbances for southeast Italy karst include quarrying, stone clearing, and the dumping of refuse into caves, while west-central Florida suffers most from the infilling of sinkholes, soil compaction, changes in the water table, and vegetation removal. The application of the KDI allows a benchmark of disturbance to be established and later revisited to determine the changing state of human impact for a region. The highlighting of certain indicators that recorded high levels of disturbance also allows regional planners to allocate resources in a more refined manner.     

松嫩平原的乌鳢资源

乌鳢是松嫩平原渔业湿地的经济鱼类之一。根据近年来的调查研究,本文论述了该区乌鳢的资源特征,分析了乌鳢在渔业资源中的作用和在湿地渔业开发中的地位,提出资源开发利用及其保护措施。     

Morphophysiological and Population Adaptations ofAjuga reptansL. at the Northern Boundary of Its Range

The results of comprehensive morphophysiological and population studies on Ajuga reptansL., a species of the nemoral floristic complex, at the northern boundary of its range (in the middle taiga subzone of the Komi Republic) are reviewed. Adaptations at the cell, organism, and biocenotic levels are revealed. The maintenance and survival of the species at the boundary of its range are provided for by its physiological plasticity, resistance to low temperatures, and multiple variants of ontogeny. Prognosis of Ajuga reptansfuture status under conditions of global climate change and expansion of anthropogenically disturbed areas is favorable.     

Redesigning harvest strategies for sustainable fishery management in the face of extreme environmental variability

Short-lived, fast-growing species that contribute greatly to global capture fisheries are sensitive to fluctuations in the environment. Uncertainties in exact stock–environment relationships have meant that environmental variability and extremes have been difficult to integrate directly into fisheries management. We applied a management strategy evaluation approach for one of Australia's large prawn stocks to test the robustness of harvest control rules to environmental variability. The model ensemble included coupled environmental-population models and an alternative catchability scenario fitted to historical catch per unit effort data. We compared the efficacy of alternative management actions to conserve marine resources under a variable environment while accounting for fisher livelihoods. Model fits to catch per unit effort were reasonably good and similar across operating models (OMs). For models that were coupled to the environment, environmental parameters for El Niño years were estimated with good associated precision, and OM3 had a lower AIC score (77.61)  than the base model (OM1, 80.39), whereas OM2 (AIC 82.41) had a similar AIC score, suggesting the OMs were all plausible model alternatives. Our model testing resulted in a plausible subset of management options, and stakeholders selected a permanent closure of the first fishing season based on overall performance of this option; ability to reduce the risk of fishery closure and stock collapse; robustness to uncertainties; and ease of implementation. Our simulation approach enabled the selection of an optimal yet pragmatic solution for addressing economic and conservation objectives under a variable environment with extreme events.     

80年代以来闽北洪涝灾害概况及其成因

闽北是个暴雨洪涝灾害频繁发生的地区,武夷山暴雨是其主要洪不来源,洪峰流量远远超过一般河流,本文对闽北80年代以来发生的9次大暴雨洪水进行详细的统计及成因, 在此基础上,提出防灾对策建议。