浅海目标辐射噪声矢量场特性实验研究

对浅海目标辐射噪声的矢量场特性和矢量噪声测量技术的相对优势开展了实验研究,对实测数据进行了相关的矢量信号的处理与分析。测试结果表明,目标辐射噪声矢量场相关性很强;与传统标量测量方法相比,在浅海低信噪比条件下,矢量法有效提高了目标辐射噪声测量增益。     

全球变化背景下可持续的滨海旅游资源开发与管理

滨海旅游是最传统的、主要的旅游形式,也是现代旅游增长最快的领域,在国内外均具有举足轻重的地位。全球变化很可能是由人类活动引起,并且影响着旅游业的发展。旅游业通过使用交通运输系统尤其是航空旅行、旅游目的地住宿餐饮等活动排放大量温室气体,对全球变化做出贡献。可持续滨海旅游以可持续的资源开发和管理为基础,在全球变化背景下,要达到这一目标,需要在滨海旅游模式与产品类型转变、旅游资源利用方式转变、利益相关者协作等方面对滨海旅游资源进行优化开发和有效管理:以绿色思维指导低碳旅游模式,发展生态旅游和替代性旅游等新型产品;提倡降碳减排、发展碳补偿和碳经济、制定碳排放标准、鼓励新型节油节能科技应用;鼓励社区参与,平衡利益相关者的收益和兴趣,尤其是探察当地社区居民、旅游者和政府工作人员对全球变化的看法、态度、责任感和共识。这些措施将在规划-管理-监督-评估动态模型中得到优化。     

Disposal of Coal Fly Ash at A Deep Water Site in the Eastern Mediterranean Off Israel - Six Years of Monitoring

Coal fly ash (CFA) is dumped at a deep sea disposal site (1,500m water depth) in the eastern Mediterranean, ca. 70km off the Israeli shore. Since 1989, about one million tons of CFA were dumped at the 200km² allocated area. Six years of monitoring at the dump-site shows that the CFA is heterogeneously distributed; there are areas where CFA covers about 1.3cm depth of the sea floor while at others no CFA is found. CFA is present as a fine powder, small aggregates and even as large blocks both in the dump-site as well as at its peripheries. Cadmium, copper and zinc concentrations in the CFA decreased as a result of the prolonged contact with sea water at in situ conditions while inconclusive changes in mercury, iron and manganese were detected. No changes were observed for lead, iron and aluminium concentrations. A controlled long term field experiment, now in progress at the site, is expected to clarify further chemical changes occurring in the CFA.     

The coastal component of the U.S. integrated ocean observing system

The combined effects of human activities and natural variability present significant challenges to the goals of protecting, restoring, and sustaining coastal ecosystems. Meeting these challenges and resolving conflicts in an informed fashion will require: (1) more timely detection and prediction of environmental changes and their consequences; and (2) more timely access to relevant environmental information. The achievement of these goals depends on the development of a sustained and integrated coastal ocean observing system (ICOOS) that insures timely access to the data and information required to improve: (1) climate predictions and the effects of changes in the weather on coastal populations; (2) efforts to sustain and restore healthy coastal marine ecosystems and living marine resources; and (3) compliance monitoring and evaluations of the efficacy of environmental policies. Although the responsible federal and state agencies all require similar environmental information, many separate programs have evolved for collecting, managing, and analyzing data for various purposes. Consequently, there is too much redundancy; access to diverse data from disparate sources is limited and time consuming; and individual programs are inevitably underfunded and too limited in scope. A system is needed that coordinates and integrates many of the elements of these programs to minimize redundancy, be more comprehensive, provide more timely access to data and information, and satisfy the information needs of a greater number of user groups in a more cost-effective fashion. This is the purpose of the ICOOS.     

材料深海环境腐蚀试验

从开发海洋和军事应用前景等方面分析了材料深海环境腐蚀性能研究的实际需求和必要性;介绍了深海环境因素的特点——压力大、温度低、氧含量低;综述了美国、苏联、印度、挪威等国进行深海腐蚀试验的情况、试验研究方法。深海腐蚀试验的特点是困难、复杂、危险和昂贵。简述了我国进行深海试验的必要性和前荣。     

Seabird feathers as monitors of the levels and persistence of heavy metal pollution after the Prestige oil spill

We measured heavy metal concentrations in yellow-legged gulls (n = 196) and European shags (n = 189) in order to assess the temporal pattern of contaminant exposure following the Prestige oil spill in November 2002. We analysed Pb, Cu, Zn, Cr, Ni and V levels in chick feathers sampled at four colonies during seven post-spill years (2003-2009), and compared results with pre-spill levels obtained from feathers of juvenile shag corpses (grown in spring/summer 2002). Following the Prestige wreck, Cu (4.3-10 μg g⁻¹) and Pb concentrations (1.0-1.4 μg g⁻¹) were, respectively, between two and five times higher than pre-spill levels (1.5-3.6 and 0.1-0.4 μg g⁻¹), but returned to previous background concentrations after three years. Our study highlights the suitability of chick feathers of seabirds for assessing the impact of oil spills on heavy metal contamination, and provides the best evidence to date on the persistence of oil pollution after the Prestige incident.     

海洋污损灾害应急监测调度指挥辅助系统研究

为解决我国海洋污损灾害应急监测技术应用单一、水平参差不齐、监测队伍缺少优化调度等问题,基于我国现阶段海洋污损灾害的管理模式和应急监测技术水平与力量,梳理并优化应急监测业务流程,将海洋污损灾害高发海域的水动力实时模拟、污染物扩散与溯源的动态模拟预测、应急监测的启动判别指标体系、监测范围指引模式、监测方案自动生成、监测信息实时编报等技术集成整合,构建海洋污损灾害应急监测调度指挥辅助系统,其适用性和高效性已在业务化示范和实践应用中得到验证。     

Economic impact of ocean acidification on shellfish production in Europe

Ocean acidification (OA) is increasingly recognized as a major global problem. Despite the scientific evidence, economic assessments of its effects are few. This analysis is an attempt to perform a national and sub-national assessment of the economic impact of OA on mollusc production in Europe. We focus on mollusc production because the scientific evidence on the biological impact on calcifying organisms is ample relative to other types of marine organisms. In addition, Europe and its regions are significant producers of marine molluscs. By performing a partial-equilibrium analysis, we show that the highest levels of overall impact are found in the countries with the largest current production, such as France, Italy and Spain. For Europe as a whole, the annual impact will be over 1 billion USD in 2100. Due to the different production foci of the individual countries and their regions, the distribution of the impact is extremely uneven across countries and their respective regions, with the most affected sub-national regions being those on the Atlantic coast of France, which is an important region for oyster production.     

基于海洋石油作业事故风险分析的应急研究

海洋石油作业具有高危险性、高投入的特点,从事故应急管理内涵角度出发,以海洋石油作业事故历史数据统计及风险分析为基础,开展了不同海洋石油作业事故在应急管理过程中的重点内容的研究,进而指导、细化海洋石油作业应急工作。