广州海洋观测网规划建设及观测数据应用探讨

阐述了广州海洋观测网建设的迫切性和必要性,对海洋观测网建设在海洋防灾减灾、海岸工程建设及海水养殖等方面的重要意义进行了分析说明。总结广州市海洋观测网建设现状和成果,并利用已有观测数据对2017年台风^“天鸽^”和^“帕卡^”期间广州海域水文气象特征、2015—2017年枯水期咸潮入侵特征进行了分析。研究表明, 现有观测数据对台风和咸潮活动均具有较明显的反应,且对海洋防灾减灾工作具有重要的意义;为更有效地利用已有观测数据,将观测数据价值最大化,对观测网建设及运行过程中观测工作机制及业务化流程、数据质量控制、观测站布设合理性以及数据应用分析这几个方面存在的问题进行了探讨,提出了广州海洋观测网的优化、改进措施及未来发展方向。     

Current Practice and Future Prospects for Social Data in Coastal and Ocean Planning

Coastal and ocean planning comprises a broad field of practice. The goals, political processes, and approaches applied to planning initiatives may vary widely. However, all planning processes ultimately require adequate information on both the biophysical and social attributes of a planning region. In coastal and ocean planning practice, there are well‐established methods to assess biophysical attributes; however, less is understood about the role and assessment of social data. We conducted the first global assessment of the incorporation of social data in coastal and ocean planning. We drew on a comprehensive review of planning initiatives and a survey of coastal and ocean practitioners. There was significantly more incorporation of social data in multiuse versus conservation‐oriented planning. Practitioners engaged a wide range of social data, including governance, economic, and cultural attributes of planning regions and human impacts data. Less attention was given to ecosystem services and social–ecological linkages, both of which could improve coastal and ocean planning practice. Although practitioners recognize the value of social data, little funding is devoted to its collection and incorporation in plans. Increased capacity and sophistication in acquiring critical social and ecological data for planning is necessary to develop plans for more resilient coastal and ocean ecosystems and communities. We suggest that improving social data monitoring, and in particular spatial social data, to complement biophysical data, is necessary for providing holistic information for decision‐support tools and other methods. Moving beyond people as impacts to people as beneficiaries, through ecosystem services assessments, holds much potential to better incorporate the tenets of ecosystem‐based management into coastal and ocean planning by providing targets for linked biodiversity conservation and human welfare outcomes. La Práctica Actual y los Prospectos Futuros para los Datos Sociales en la Planeación Costera y Oceánica     

海洋无线电装备电波环境信息保障技术

主要分析了海洋电波环境对海上雷达、通信、导航、电子对抗等无线电系统的影响,论述了海上信息化装备电波环境保障系统的组成和功能,提出了技术途径和实现方法。     

强壮前沟藻生消过程中水体的散射特性

基于2011年7月藻类培养实验期间的实测数据,研究了强壮前沟藻生消过程中水体的散射特性.结果表明,强壮前沟藻本次培养周期共21d,前15 d为生长期,之后进入消亡期;生消过程中水体散射光谱变化明显,叶绿素浓度较低时,散射系数随波长增加近似呈幂函数衰减,而叶绿素浓度较高时,蓝绿光波段散射系数随波长增加呈现近似线性增大趋势,红光波段叶绿素强吸收造成的散射谷更明显;生长期和消亡期时,散射系数与叶绿素浓度幂函数回归的可决系数均随波长增加逐渐增大,750 nm波段达到最大值,R2分别为0.95、0.97;生长期时,蓝光波段散射占总散射量的比例逐渐减小,而红光波段逐渐增大,绿光波段变化较小,但基本呈现增大趋势,水色由蓝绿色逐渐变为红褐色,消亡期时,恰恰相反;生长期和消亡期的绿蓝、红蓝、红绿波段散射比与叶绿素浓度均存在正相关关系,说明随叶绿素浓度增加水色逐渐趋近于长波颜色.     

The value of open ocean ecosystems: A case study for the Spanish exclusive economic zone

Valuing goods and services from open oceans provides arguments for the ocean's protection and plays an increasingly important role in debates on the use and management of natural resources. This paper identifies and estimates the monetary value of some of the most important goods and services provided by open oceans. The list of goods and services considered includes food production, raw materials, water supply, CO₂ regulation, bioremediation of waste, biomass and biodiversity conservation. Therefore, not only values associated with productive uses are quantified but also values assigned to other biological ecosystem services. This paper constitutes a first attempt in the open ocean literature at evaluating services such as water supply, biomass and biodiversity conservation. To obtain their monetary value, different techniques, some not applied before in this area, have been used depending on the ecosystem service to be evaluated. As a general criterion we use the concept of net value added (revenues obtained from the services less incurred costs). Our methodology is illustrated by estimating the monetary values of goods and services provided by the open ocean ecosystem of Spain as defined by its exclusive economic zone. The total economic value obtained measures the contribution of oceans to overall welfare and it may be an important instrument in managing open ocean ecosystems and developing environmental policies in the future.     

环渤海地区海洋科技投入产出比较分析

21世纪是海洋世纪,海洋经济发展离不开科学技术的支持.经过几十年的发展,我国的海洋科技整体上已经取得了显著成就,但是各地区之间的实力又存在着差距.运用理论与实证相结合的方式,在层次分析法的基础上对环渤海3省1市的海洋科技投入产出进行比较分析.通过计算海洋科技得分,为正确认识环渤海地区海洋科技实力状况提供佐证,同时也为各省市制定有效的海洋发展策略提供重要的参考依据.     

海上油气田工程油气泄漏事故风险分析

以渤海某工程项目为例研究海上油气田工程油气泄漏的事故及其风险.文章指出井喷、平台火灾事故和海底管道泄漏是海上油气田工程油气泄漏的主要事故源,并通过类比性分析得到三种事故的发生概率.油气泄漏的最严重后果是溢油事故,文章对各种事故的溢油规模进行分析,并根据井喷、平台火灾和海底管道泄漏三种事故发生的概率和规模对其环境影响进行评价.     

“海洋世纪”的环境社会学阐释

21世纪是海洋世纪,这是国际社会的一个广泛共识。"海洋世纪"成为新世纪的代名词,在一定程度上揭示出海洋与人类社会的关系。环境社会学作为社会学的一个分支学科,基于社会学的方法、观点、理论,研究环境与人类社会之间的关系。本文从环境社会学的视角出发,总结"海洋世纪"提出的过程、原因及其特征,分析"海洋世纪"本身蕴含的环境社会学意义、"海洋世纪"提出的社会原因及社会影响。     

稳定碳同位素在海洋倾倒活动监测中的应用

通过测定倾倒区海域沉积物,产品码头和原油码头的疏浚物的有机碳同位素,分析来自不同区域的样品同位素变化特征,结果显示各区域碳同位素值有较大的差别。倾倒区有机碳同位素在-22.95‰～-23.05‰之内变化;产品码头疏浚物有机碳同位素在-25.20‰～-23.50‰;原油码头疏浚物碳同位素在-22.35‰～-21.89‰。通过碳同位素变化特征可以界定悬沙大致扩散范围。经混合配比实验,得到碳同位素组成与配比系数之间的关系,由此可推算倾倒活动中各码头的倾倒量。     

Leaching Characteristics of Lead and Cadmium From Waste-To-Energy Residues in Sea Water

Laboratory studies were conducted to determine leaching characteristics of waste-to-energy (WTE) residues in sea water to provide initial evaluation on the potential impact of WTE residues on the marine environment. Both loose and stabilized WTE residues were investigated for the leachability of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) in sea water. Results of the study showed that loose WTE fly ash was very reactive in sea water; release of Pb and Cd occurred immediately (<0.5 hr) after the ash came in contact with sea water. Stabilization (treated with Portland cement and other additives), however, significantly reduced leaching of Cd and Pb. While ocean disposal of untreated WTE residues would not be advisable, utilization of stabilized WTE residues for beneficial uses should be investigated.