一个设计海洋标量场中观测点空间分布的方法

本文给出一个计算标量场中变量在分析点上的真值与这一点上分析值之间偏差的方法，使用这个方法，通过试错调整观测点的分布，可以设计出标量场中观测点空间结构的理想阵列。使用该阵列有限个点上的观测值可以客观地分析出该变量的瞬间空间分布，使它与其真值之间的偏差达到最小值。     

皱纹盘鲍筏式养殖中的污损生物及其防治

对我国北方海域皱纹盘鲍筏式养殖中出现的主要污损生物及其危害做了详尽的记述。介绍了从物理、化学和生物方面出发所采取的防治措施。指出运用不同种类混养等生物技术是兼顾防附着效果与保护生态环境的最佳方式。     

Chemical Tracking and Marine Environmental Impact of Ocean Disposal of Calcium Carbonate Residue in the North Yellow Sea

The objective of this study is to determine the sedimentation rate and dispersion area of calcium carbonate residue dumped at sea and the impact to marine environment of dumping by a laboratory simulation experiment; chemical tracking in the field with the help of acoustic and optical tracking; and a comparative study of baseline conditions and marine environmental impact after dumping. Turbidity, pH and phosphate are selected as the chemical tracers to be monitored.

Results show that in the dumping area of 15 square miles with water depth of 50 m, if 217 t calcium carbonate residue is dumped (spot dumping) in the presence of a pycnocline with a current velocity of 60 cm/s (close to the maximum) the maximum dispersion distance of the calcium carbonate residue plume front is less than 2100 m; the dispersion area is less than 0.56 km²; and the maximum dispersion time is about 60 min when the turbidity and pH in the whole dispersion area return to background level. Therefore, the ocean disposal of calcium carbonate residue is feasible.     

Precipitation and aerosol studies in India

In India, rain water and atmospheric aerosols are observed to bealkaline in nature due to the influence of soil-derivedparticles which are rich in components like Ca and Mg. Thesecomponents increase the neutralization potential of rain waterand have a greater influence at rural site compared to urbansite. However, if there are continuous rains, the concentrationof crustal components becomes lower resulting in lower pH ofrain water. Unlike the characteristics of rain water oncontinent, the pH of rain water has been observed to be acidicin all the events over the Indian Ocean during Pre-campaigns ofIndian Ocean Experiment (INDOEX). The possible reason for acidicrains over Indian Ocean could be the anthropogenic contributionfrom continent transported by NE winds coming towards the oceanduring this period.     

Climate Change,Marine Environments,and the U.S. Endangered Species Act

Climate change is expected to be a top driver of global biodiversity loss in the 21st century. It poses new challenges to conserving and managing imperiled species, particularly in marine and estuarine ecosystems. The use of climate‐related science in statutorily driven species management, such as under the U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA), is in its early stages. This article provides an overview of ESA processes, with emphasis on the mandate to the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) to manage listed marine, estuarine, and anadromous species. Although the ESA is specific to the United States, its requirements are broadly relevant to conservation planning. Under the ESA, species, subspecies, and “distinct population segments” may be listed as either endangered or threatened, and taking of most listed species (harassing, harming, pursuing, wounding, killing, or capturing) is prohibited unless specifically authorized via a case‐by‐case permit process. Government agencies, in addition to avoiding take, must ensure that actions they fund, authorize, or conduct are not likely to jeopardize a listed species’ continued existence or adversely affect designated critical habitat. Decisions for which climate change is likely to be a key factor include: determining whether a species should be listed under the ESA, designating critical habitat areas, developing species recovery plans, and predicting whether effects of proposed human activities will be compatible with ESA‐listed species’ survival and recovery. Scientific analyses that underlie these critical conservation decisions include risk assessment, long‐term recovery planning, defining environmental baselines, predicting distribution, and defining appropriate temporal and spatial scales. Although specific guidance is still evolving, it is clear that the unprecedented changes in global ecosystems brought about by climate change necessitate new information and approaches to conservation of imperiled species. El Cambio Climático, los Ecosistemas Marinos y el Acta Estadunidense de Especies en Peligro     

Testing the presence of marine protected areas against their ability to reduce pressures on biodiversity

Marine protected areas (MPAs) are the preferred tool for preventing marine biodiversity loss, as reflected in international protected area targets. Although the area covered by MPAs is expanding, there is a concern that opposition from resource users is driving them into already low-use locations, whereas high-pressure areas remain unprotected, which has serious implications for biodiversity conservation. We tested the spatial relationships between different human-induced pressures on marine biodiversity and global MPAs. We used global, modeled pressure data and the World Database on Protected Areas to calculate the levels of 15 different human-induced pressures inside and outside the world's MPAs. We fitted binomial generalized linear models to the data to determine whether each pressure had a positive or negative effect on the likelihood of an area being protected and whether this effect changed with different categories of protection. Pelagic and artisanal fishing, shipping, and introductions of invasive species by ships had a negative relationship with protection, and this relationship persisted under even the least restrictive categories of protection (e.g., protected areas classified as category VI under the International Union for Conservation of Nature, a category that permits sustainable use). In contrast, pressures from dispersed, diffusive sources (e.g., pollution and ocean acidification) had positive relationships with protection. Our results showed that MPAs are systematically established in areas where there is low political opposition, limiting the capacity of existing MPAs to manage key drivers of biodiversity loss. We suggest that conservation efforts focus on biodiversity outcomes and effective reduction of pressures rather than prescribing area-based targets, and that alternative approaches to conservation are needed in areas where protection is not feasible.     

江苏海洋开发的资源环境条件评述

江苏海洋的区位优越，海域广阔，环境条件总体有利，海洋资源种类多，数量大，具有综合开发功能，而且资源和环境的区域组合良好，有利于海洋产业的集约经营和协调发展，但也存在不少限制因素，如深水区离岸较远，海底矿产勘探程度低，自然灾害较多等。应根据实际情况确定本省海洋的开发战略。     

海洋环境水下电磁场基本特性及抑制方法研究

目的掌握环境水下电磁场的基本特性以及适宜的降噪方法。方法从时域、频域、相关与极化等方面对某海域进行分析,并对得到的大量海洋环境水下电磁场特性进行总结,基于分析结果,研究自适应线谱增强技术在海洋环境水下电磁场抑制方面的应用。结果海洋环境水下电磁场具有一定的规律性和随机性,利用自适应线谱增强技术,信号强度增加了6 dB。结论通过对环境电磁场基本特性以及抑制方法的研究,可以对舰船测试中环境电磁场的影响程度进行评估,并提高目标的探测能力。     

热带海洋大气环境下制动盘防护工艺耐腐蚀性能分析

目的研究汽车制动盘的三种防护工艺在热带海洋大气环境下的耐腐蚀性能。方法针对三种防护工艺的制动盘,在万宁试验站采用户外暴露试验方法开展对比试验。结果某无铬锌铝涂层1防护工艺的制动盘严重生锈,腐蚀程度最严重。某无铬锌铝涂层2和石墨烯防护工艺的制动盘在热带海洋大气环境中发生轻微生锈。结论在热带海洋大气环境下,某无铬锌铝涂层1防护工艺的耐蚀性能最差,某无铬锌铝涂层2和石墨烯防护工艺耐蚀性能良好,具有更好的环境适应性。     

基于长基线测量的水下电场特性分析研究

目的研究海洋环境电场的空间分布。方法借助长基线测量系统提供的一定空间增益,提高测量信号的强度,从而测量低频电场不同测量体在24 h内的幅度变化,以及0.1,0.2,0.5,1,10 Hz等5个不同典型频点的概率密度分布。结果水下电场的空间分布会由于电极间距的不同导致幅度有所差异,但整体的变化趋势基本一致。0.1,0.2,0.5,1 Hz频点随着频率的增加,幅度对整体的贡献越来越小,而10 Hz频点的幅度变化无明显规律。在24 h的连续观测中,DC-1 Hz极低频电场的幅度分布并不满足正态分布,而是随着时间变化具有一定的规律性。结论得到了不同频点的海洋水下环境电场的空间分布特性。