不锈钢深海腐蚀研究

综述了不锈钢在深海条件下的点蚀、缝隙腐蚀、隧道腐蚀、应力腐蚀机理和影响因素及相应的腐蚀防护方法。用不锈钢在深海中发生腐蚀的实例说明了国内不锈钢深海应用存在的问题以及与国外深海腐蚀研究之间存在的差距。     

海洋碳循环与海洋生态系统动力学

在讨论了目前海洋碳循环研究的现状和存在的问题基础上,分析了海洋生态系统动力学在海洋碳循环中的作用.早期的碳循环研究着重在无机碳循环,随着研究的深入,考虑简单生物地球化学过程甚至带显式生态系统的碳循环模式正在逐步发展.指出了碳循环研究的未来方向,除了要更加准确理解物理过程外,发展带显式生态系统的碳循环模式是一个重要的研究方向.为此,要研究生态系统动力学中的某些关键过程的参数化方法,确定一些重要的参数值.期望今后的模式可更加准确地用于研究海洋生态系统和碳循环对全球变化的响应.     

Effects of seascape connectivity on reserve performance along exposed coastlines

Seascape connectivity (landscape connectivity in the sea) can modify reserve performance in low-energy marine ecosystems (e.g., coral reefs, mangroves, and seagrass), but it is not clear whether similar spatial linkages also shape reserve effectiveness on high-energy, exposed coastlines. We used the surf zones of ocean beaches in eastern Australia as a model system to test how seascape connectivity and reserve attributes combine to shape conservation outcomes. Spatial patterns in fish assemblages were measured using baited remote underwater video stations in 12 marine reserves and 15 fished beaches across 2000 km of exposed coastline. Reserve performance was shaped by both the characteristics of reserves and the spatial properties of the coastal seascapes in which reserves were embedded. Number of fish species and abundance of harvested fishes were highest in surf-zone reserves that encompassed >1.5 km of the surf zone; were located < 100 m to rocky headlands; and included pocket beaches in a heterogeneous seascape. Conservation outcomes for exposed coastlines may, therefore, be enhanced by prioritizing sufficiently large areas of seascapes that are strongly linked to abutting complementary habitats. Our findings have broader implications for coastal conservation planning. Empirical data to describe how the ecological features of high-energy shorelines influence conservation outcomes are lacking, and we suggest that seascape connectivity may have similar ecological effects on reserve performance on both sheltered and exposed coastlines.     

高强不锈钢在海水环境中的阴极保护行为研究

目的 研究不同阴极极化电位下高强不锈钢的极化行为,确定某高强不锈钢合理的阴极保护电位区间。方法 通过动电位极化测试以及电化学阻抗测试等电化学测试手段,研究此种高强不锈钢在海水中的阴极反应过程,通过不同极化电位下的恒电位极化测试,结合扫描电子显微镜和能谱仪,观察分析试样表面的腐蚀产物,研究阴极极化电位对高强不锈钢表面阴极产物膜的影响规律,以及对高强不锈钢在海水中的阴极保护效果。结果 动电位极化测试表明,在‒0.50~‒0.90 V,只需要施加很小的阴极电流,就可使极化电位发生显著变化。电化学阻抗谱测试及拟合结果表明,极化电位在‒0.70 V时,电极反应的电荷转移电阻最大,此时腐蚀被完全抑制。恒电位极化测试发现,随着电位负移,极化电流密度整体上呈现先减小、后增大的趋势。用能谱仪分析其表面产物发现,钙镁沉积层的致密度呈现先增加、后降低的趋势。结论 此种高强不锈钢在海水环境中施加阴极电位为‒0.50~‒1.00 V时,可以得到有效保护。     

环渤海海洋产业绿色GDP核算

绿色GDP核算是反映经济-环境系统交互作用,继而进行综合计量的重要工具.以可持续发展为主题,借鉴联合国环境经济核算方法,以环渤海地区为研究区,选取数据可得性最好的2013年为核算期开展GGOP(海洋产业绿色GDP)核算研究,并以辽宁、河北、天津和山东4个省级行政区为研究单元进行拆分.结果表明:2013年环渤海地区GOP(海洋产业生产总值)约为1.97×1012元,GGOP约为1.84×1012元,占GOP的93.44%,资源耗减、生态系统破坏、环境损失和环境活动分别扣减了GOP的2.54%、0.16%、1.70%和2.15%.环渤海地区2013年的渔业没有造成资源耗减,而对海洋油气资源的开采造成的资源耗减损失约为5.02×1010元.通过围填海造成的生态系统破坏损失约为3.11×109元.环渤海地区海洋产业污染物产生的虚拟成本约为3.36×1010元.国家和省级海洋部门对渤海的环境管理活动支出约为4.42×109元;环渤海地区海洋环境和资源利用投入研究经费约3.81×1010元.环渤海各省市中,辽宁省扣减比例为5.30%,其中环境损失占扣减总值的44.77%;河北省与辽宁省相近,扣减比例为5.04%;天津市扣减比例最大,为13.09%,其中资源耗减占扣减总值的69.74%;山东省扣减比例为4.34%,其中环境管理活动支出占扣减总值的50.82%.研究结果扩展了绿色GDP核算方法的适用范围,探索了绿色核算在海洋经济中的核算方法和核算技术,有助于环渤海各省市海洋经济发展调控政策的制订.      

Disposal of Coal Fly Ash at A Deep Water Site in the Eastern Mediterranean Off Israel - Six Years of Monitoring

Coal fly ash (CFA) is dumped at a deep sea disposal site (1,500m water depth) in the eastern Mediterranean, ca. 70km off the Israeli shore. Since 1989, about one million tons of CFA were dumped at the 200km² allocated area. Six years of monitoring at the dump-site shows that the CFA is heterogeneously distributed; there are areas where CFA covers about 1.3cm depth of the sea floor while at others no CFA is found. CFA is present as a fine powder, small aggregates and even as large blocks both in the dump-site as well as at its peripheries. Cadmium, copper and zinc concentrations in the CFA decreased as a result of the prolonged contact with sea water at in situ conditions while inconclusive changes in mercury, iron and manganese were detected. No changes were observed for lead, iron and aluminium concentrations. A controlled long term field experiment, now in progress at the site, is expected to clarify further chemical changes occurring in the CFA.     

Incorporating Climate and Ocean Change into Extinction Risk Assessments for 82 Coral Species

Many marine invertebrate species facing potential extinction have uncertain taxonomies and poorly known demographic and ecological traits. Uncertainties are compounded when potential extinction drivers are climate and ocean changes whose effects on even widespread and abundant species are only partially understood. The U.S. Endangered Species Act mandates conservation management decisions founded on the extinction risk to species based on the best available science at the time of consideration—requiring prompt action rather than awaiting better information. We developed an expert‐opinion threat‐based approach that entails a structured voting system to assess extinction risk from climate and ocean changes and other threats to 82 coral species for which population status and threat response information was limited. Such methods are urgently needed because constrained budgets and manpower will continue to hinder the availability of desired data for many potentially vulnerable marine species. Significant species‐specific information gaps and uncertainties precluded quantitative assessments of habitat loss or population declines and necessitated increased reliance on demographic characteristics and threat vulnerabilities at genus or family levels. Adapting some methods (e.g., a structured voting system) used during other assessments and developing some new approaches (e.g., integrated assessment of threats and demographic characteristics), we rated the importance of threats contributing to coral extinction risk and assessed those threats against population status and trend information to evaluate each species’ extinction risk over the 21st century. This qualitative assessment resulted in a ranking with an uncertainty range for each species according to their estimated likelihood of extinction. We offer guidance on approaches for future biological extinction risk assessments, especially in cases of data‐limited species likely to be affected by global‐scale threats. Incorporación del Cambio Climático y Oceánico en Estudios de Riesgo de Extinción para 82 Especies de Coral     

东方大港的探讨—利用GIS对宁波深水港的分析

根据孙中山先生提出的在我国北、东、南建立三方大港的思想，对我国东部沿海的宁波港进行了分析。在对其历史和现状分析的基础上，借助于现代的信息系统技术和遥感技术，对宁波港的水深状况和集疏运输情况进行了进一步分析，并与北、南二大深水港大连港、广州港、以及我国目前最大的上海港作了比较，提出了正在快速发展的宁波港有潜力成为我国的东方大港，为国家对港口的宏观布局提供了依据。     

Comparison of Solid-Phase and Pore-Water Approaches for Assessing the Quality of Marine and Estuarine Sediments

As part of our continuing evaluation of the pore-water approach for assessing sediment quality, we made a series of side-by-side comparisons between the standard 10-day amphipod whole sediment test with the corophiid Grandidierella japonica and a suite of tests using pore water extracted from the same sediments. the pore-water tests evaluated were the sea urchin (Arbacia punctulata) sperm cell test and morphological development assay, the life-cycle test with the polychaete Dinophilus gyrociliatus, and acute exposures of red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) embryo-larval stages. Sediment and surface microlayer samples were collected from contaminated sites. Whole-sediment, pore-water, and surface microlayer toxicity tests were performed. Pore-water toxicity tests were considerably more sensitive than the whole-sediment amphipod test, which is currently the most sensitive toxicity test now recommended for determining the acceptability of dredged material for open ocean disposal.     

Radioactivity Monitored From Moored Oceanographic Buoys

The principles and operation of a gamma radiation sensor mounted on oceanographic buoys are described. the sensor has proved rugged in severe weather conditions and has satisfactory detection limits and accuracy. Continuous monitoring of artificially produced γ-emitters such as ¹³⁷Cs, ¹³⁴Cs, ¹³¹I, ¹³³I, ¹³²Te, naturally occuring emitters such as ⁴⁰k and ²¹⁴Bi in open sea conditions can provide important information in critical situations.