水声装备作战试验内涵及其模式

介绍了水声装备作战试验背景、技术特点、作战试验需求,提出了水声装备作战试验模式、试验体系构建、试验保障体系建设需求。针对水声装备作战试验深化鉴定问题,阐述了作战试验定义与内涵、作战试验战场环境构建、环境适应性试验和作战效能评估指标体系,实现水声装备由性能试验向战术技术性能与作战使用性能考核并重转变。针对水声装备作战试验理论体系构建问题,从试验组织体系、试验标准体系、试验理论体系和测量通信保障体系等方面阐述了水声装备作战试验模式。最后提出了水声装备作战试验展望、靶场具备的能力。     

不同温度对SBR腐殖活性污泥系统运行效能的影响

在10～22℃范围内,通过实验考察了温度对腐殖土间歇式活性污泥处理(SBR)系统的运行特性的影响.实验结果表明,降低温度对SBR腐殖活性污泥系统去除COD影响不大,当温度降至10℃时,COD去除率仍可达到80%以上;在22～14℃范围内,SBR腐殖活性污泥系统对NH+4-N和TN的去除影响不大,温度降至10℃时,NH+...     

Carbonaceous aerosols in PM10 and pollution gases in winter in Beijing

An intensive observation of organic carbon (OC) and element carbon (EC) in PM10 and gaseous materials (SO2, CO, and O3,) was conducted continuously to assess the characteristics of wintertime carbonaceous aerosols in an urban area of Beijing, China. Results showed that the averaged total carbon (TC) and PM10 concentrations in observation period are 30.2±120.4 and 172.6±198.3 μ/m3, respectively. Average OC concentration in nighttime (24.9±19.6 μ/m3) was 40% higher than that in daytime (17.7±10.9 μ/m3). Average EC concentrations in daytime (8.8±15.2 μ/m3) was close to that in nighttime (8.9±15.1 μ/m3). The OC/EC ratios in nighttime ranging from 2.4 to 2.7 are higher than that in daytime ranging from 1.9 to 2.0. The concentrations of OC, EC, PM10 were low with strong winds and high with weak winds. The OC and EC were well correlated with PM10, CO and SO2, which implies they have similar sources. OC and EC were not well correlated with O3. By considering variation of OC/EC ratios in daytime and night time, correlations between OC and O3, and meteorological condition, we speculated that OC and EC in Beijing PM10 were emitted as the primary particulate form. Emission of motor vehicle with low OC/EC ratio and coal combustion sources with high OC/EC ratio are probably the dominant sources for carbonaceous aerosols in Beijing in winter. A simple method was used to estimate the relative contribution of sources to carbonaceous aerosols in Beijing PM10. Motor vehicle source accounts for 80% and 68%, while coal combustion accounts for 20% and 32% in daytime and nighttime, respectively in Beijing. Averagely, the motor vehicle and coal combustion accounted for 74% and 26%, respectively, for carbonaceous aerosols during the observation period. It points to the motor vehicle is dominant emission for carbonaceous aerosols in Beijing PM10 in winter period, which should be paid attention to control high level of PM10 in Beijing effectively.     

湖南省河流断面水质自动监测工作探索

湖南省在湘资沅澧四流域建设了20个地表水水质自动监测站,率先安装了重金属自动监测仪.通过对站房选址、站房建设、仪器配备与选型、系统集成和平台建设等方面优化配备,提出一系列切实可行的河流断面水质自动监测站建设方案.并在河流断面水质自动监测站运营模式、运维工作内容、质控管理、数据质量判断等建设与运维管理方面做了积极探索,为实时监控河流断面水质的特征污染指标和水质现状,建立湖南水环境监控预警体系和生态补偿机制提供了保障.     

机动车排气污染控制技术与措施

机动车发动机的有害排放物也成为了造成大气污染的一个主要来源,会给人体健康造成了严重的危害,机动车排气污染控制技术和措施包括发动机净化处理技术控制技术,提高燃油的燃烧率,安装防污染处理设备;还包括行政管理手段,实行综合整治,多措并举,减少或消除机动车尾气中有毒有害气体的排放,减轻对大气环境的污染。     

Profile of PAH in the Exhaust of Gasoline Driven Vehicles in Delhi

A preliminary study to determine the profile of PAHs in the exhaust of gasoline vehicles in Delhi was conducted. Three different types of vehicles (cars, autorickshaws and scooters) were selected with different age groups for sampling purpose. The concentration of Total PAHs (Σ₁₂PAHs) was found to be 27.27 ± 2.27, 28.61 ± 3.70 and 29.81 ± 3.57 mg/g in the exhaust of cars, auto- rickshaws (three wheelers) and two wheelers, respectively. The levels of PAHs were found to be high in scooter exhaust as compared to that of cars and autorickshaws. The total PAHs concentration in the present study was found to be higher as compared to other studies. Such a high concentration could be attributed to different parameters like the age of the vehicles, driving conditions, the fuel quality and the emission standards.     

Designing Systematic Conservation Assessments that Promote Effective Implementation: Best Practice from South Africa

Abstract:  Systematic conservation assessment and conservation planning are two distinct fields of conservation science often confused as one and the same. Systematic conservation assessment is the technical, often computer-based, identification of priority areas for conservation. Conservation planning is composed of a systematic conservation assessment coupled with processes for development of an implementation strategy and stakeholder collaboration. The peer-reviewed conservation biology literature abounds with studies analyzing the performance of assessments (e.g., area-selection techniques). This information alone, however, can never deliver effective conservation action; it informs conservation planning. Examples of how to translate systematic assessment outputs into knowledge and then use them for "doing" conservation are rare. South Africa has received generous international and domestic funding for regional conservation planning since the mid-1990s. We reviewed eight South African conservation planning processes and identified key ingredients of best practice for undertaking systematic conservation assessments in a way that facilitates implementing conservation action. These key ingredients include the design of conservation planning processes, skills for conservation assessment teams, collaboration with stakeholders, and interpretation and mainstreaming of products (e.g., maps) for stakeholders. Social learning institutions are critical to the successful operationalization of assessments within broader conservation planning processes and should include not only conservation planners but also diverse interest groups, including rural landowners, politicians, and government employees.     

SPG膜微气泡曝气生物膜反应器运行性能——空气通量的影响

空气通量是影响SPG膜微气泡曝气生物膜反应器运行性能的重要参数。在不同空气通量条件下,考察了微气泡产生特性及氧传质特性,以及SPG膜微气泡曝气生物膜反应器运行性能。结果表明,当空气通量由31.85 L/（min·m2）降低至12.74 L/（min·m2）时,产生的微气泡平均直径由62.9 μm减小到32.6 μm,氧传质系数由0.31 min-1降低至0.19 min-1,但氧传质效率由67.7%提高至90.3%。生物膜反应器DO浓度随空气通量的降低而下降,导致生物膜好氧代谢活性下降,进而COD和氨氮去除效率降低;同时,在较低DO浓度下,可实现同步硝化反硝化过程去除TN。随着空气通量的降低,生物膜反应器氧利用率增加,空气通量为12.74 L/（min·m2）时,可接近100%;同时,曝气能耗降低,在相同条件下能耗低于传统大气泡曝气。     

浅析步进电机的发热与安全

分析了步进电机发热的原因及发热带来的影响，提出了如何减少步进电机发热的方法。