Antennal responses of the western pine beetle, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Dendroctonus brevicomis</Emphasis> (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), to stem volatiles of its primary host, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus ponderosa</Emphasis>, and nine sympatric nonhost angiosperms and conifers

Summary. Stem volatile extracts from ten trees that are sympatric with the western pine beetle, Dendroctonus brevicomis LeConte (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) were assayed by gas chromatographic-electroantennographic detection analysis (GC-EAD). The extracts were from the primary host, ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws. (Pinaceae); two nonhost angiosperms, California black oak, Quercus kelloggii Newb. (Fagaceae), and quaking aspen, Populus tremuloides Michx. (Salicaceae); and seven nonhost conifers, white fir, Abies concolor (Gord. & Glend.) Lindl. ex Hildebr. (Pinaceae), incense cedar, Calocedrus decurrens (Torr.) Florin (Cupressaceae), Sierra lodgepole pine, P. contorta murrayana Grev. & Balf. (Pinaceae), Jeffrey pine, P. jeffreyi Grev. & Balf. (Pinaceae), sugar pine, P. lambertiana Dougl. (Pinaceae), Douglas-fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco (Pinaceae), and mountain hemlock, Tsuga mertensiana (Bong.) Carr. (Pinaceae). Sixty-four compounds were identified from the ten trees, 42 of which elicited antennal responses in D. brevicomis, usually in both sexes. In addition, several synthetic compounds, including a number of the antennally-active compounds from the extracted trees and some bark beetle pheromone components, elicited antennal responses in a manner similar to that observed with the extracts. Of the antennally-active compounds known to be present in trees sympatric with D. brevicomis, only geraniol was unique to its host. Four antennally-active compounds were found in the host and in other conifers; five compounds were found only in nonhost conifers; eight compounds were found in either or both of the nonhost angiosperms; eight compounds were found in either or both of the angiosperms and in nonhost conifers, but not in the host; and 19 were found in both the host and in angiosperms and/or nonhost conifers. Several bark beetle pheromone components were found in the stem volatile extracts. Conophthorin was identified from both nonhost angiosperms; exo-brevicomin was identified in A. concolor; verbenone was identified from a number of nonhost conifers; and chalcogran was identified from P. tremuloides. The number of nonhost volatile chemicals that D. brevicomis encounters and is capable of detecting, and the diversity of sources from which they emanate, highlight the complexity of the olfactory environment in which D. brevicomis forages. This provides a basis for further work related to chemically-mediated aspects of foraging in this insect and perhaps other coniferophagous bark beetles, and highlights the need to consider foraging context in the design and implementation of semiochemical-based management tactics for tree protection.     

聚合铝的形态稳定性及其动电特性的研究

本文采用改进的Ａｌ－Ｆｅｒｒｏｎ快速测定法研究了混凝过程中铝盐与聚合铝水解形态的转化规律及稳定性，并对混凝反应过程中铝与聚合铝溶解－沉淀形态分布与理论溶解度进行了对比，同时采用流动电流技术直接测定了铝盐与聚合铝絮凝剂的荷电状况，最后对发生在混凝过程中铝与聚合铝最佳凝聚形态进行了讨论。     

活性污泥法的多变量最优控制Ⅱ.限制有机物(BOD)的排放总量

着重研究了有限制有机物排放总量时，使其运行费用最低的最优周期控制问题。通过增加新的状态变量和用补偿函数法，将本课题的有约束条件问题化为无约束条件问题，并提出了最优长参数的动态搜索法来修改传统的梯度法，从而较完善地解决了多变量最优周期控制的计算问题。     

LGA风机圆盘式消声器的动态优化设计

通过对ＬＧＡ风机噪声频谱的测试分析，确认其空气动力性噪声最强。针对其频谱特性，采用动态优化设计方法，设计一种圆盘式消声器。该消声器纵向尺寸小，充分利用其横向空间，结构较简单、紧凑，样式新颖，动态特性好     

大气腐蚀数据降维最优维度研究

目的确定金属大气腐蚀数据降维的最优维度。方法分别采用PCA、MDS、Isomap和LLE四种方法对大气腐蚀数据进行降维处理,并采用集成学习算法建立预测模型。针对不同的降维方法和近邻点个数计算,使用MAPE(Mean Absolute Percentage Error,相对百分误差绝对值的平均值)对预测结果进行评价,将最佳预测速率所对应的维度作为最优维度。结果不同的降维方法和近邻参数作用下,最优维度从2维到7维不等。流形学习方法对大气腐蚀数据进行降维的MAPE均小于线性降维方法。结论适合每种降维方法的最优维度可能是不同的,通过对MAPE进行对比,得到大气腐蚀数据在各种降维方法的最优维度。     

飞机典型液压管路系统减振优化计算方法研究

目的研究管道走向和卡箍位置对管道应力的影响。方法以飞机典型液压管路系统为优化对象,对管路系统及支持结构进行动力学参数化建模,使用MATLAB和MSC.NASTRAN构筑基于遗传算法的自动减振优化计算平台,以管壁结构和飞机支持结构的动态应力响应最小为优化目标,对管路走向(包括拐折位置、曲率半径)、卡箍位置进行优化计算,从而建立一种飞机管路系统设计中的自动减振优化计算方法。结果使用建立的减振优化计算平台优化计算设计后,飞机典型液压管路系统最大动态应力值降低了50%。结论提供的优化方法能够有效地通过优化管道布置参数降低应力水平。     

油气管道盗孔补板修复结构强度分析

运用非线性有限元计算方法,对管道补板结构在内压载荷作用下的应力状态进行分析,研究管道补板修复结构的承压薄弱点与最优修复尺寸。研究结果表明,补板结构导致管道开孔附近区域内应力分布不均匀,出现局部应力集中现象;补板结构的危险区为补板与管体交界处45°~90°局部范围;与管道壁厚相近的补板壁厚和3倍孔径的补板长度具有更佳的修复效果。     

基于低碳效益的微电网能量优化调度

根据微电网中各分布式电源(DG)的特点,综合考虑各DG的安装、运行、维护成本、碳排放治理成本以及风电、光伏补贴等,分别构建各微源的低碳综合成本模型,在满足系统约束的条件下,提出一种计及微电网低碳效益的能量优化调度模型。深入挖掘微电网的低碳效益,确定微电网优化调度运行策略,依据构建的调度模型,应用混沌粒子群算法(CPSO)解决各个实用的运行策略中的优化调度问题。通过仿真验证了模型和算法的有效性,并对各运行策略及大电网供电对比分析,证实微电网的低碳效益明显。     

可耗竭资源开采追加投资行为研究

目前,我国可耗竭资源开采回采率普遍较低,企业可以通过追加投资来提高资源的管理及技术水平,进而提高资源开采回采率,减少资源浪费.文中基于Hotelling横向差异化模型,构建了一个三阶段动态博弈模型,采用逆向归纳法的思路,分析了可耗竭资源开采企业追加投资的动态行为.首先在企业通过竞争形成的价格和市场份额给定的基础上,分析第三阶段实行价格歧视消费者的转移情况,得到两企业的竞争策略;接着将第三阶段的最优价格策略和利润考虑到第二阶段中,讨论两企业的价格竞争均衡问题,分别得到两企业的需求;最后将第二阶段的利润贴现到第一阶段,可得到企业追加投资的策略,给出了该动态博弈模型存在唯一子博弈完美纳什均衡的条件和企业最佳追加投资规模.研究结果表明,要使企业追加投资就必须要求追加投资的回报率足够高,当企业追加投资的回报率很高时,只要较小的追加投入就会产生较大的边际成本减少量,获得较大的竞争优势,甚至会将不进行追加投资企业挤出市场;当投资回报率给定时,企业追加投资的激励是取决于其耐心,即企业对未来收益关注越多,则追加投资的规模也越大.     

高层RC框架结构基于成本-效益准则的优化设计研究(Ⅱ)——应用

根据作者先前提出的优化模型及基于成本-效益准则的优化设计流程,以多目标遗传算法为搜索引擎,运用MATLAB语言开发了高层RC框架结构基于成本-效益准则的自动优化程序。研究结果表明,程序所产生的设计方案具有多样性、可选择性、业主主动参与性及可依靠经验等特点。