高压电晕-臭氧协同作用处理难降解有机废水技术进展

利用高压电晕-臭氧的协同作用来处理废水是一项新技术。高压电晕和臭氧均能在水溶液中产生·OH。·OH能无选择地氧化有机污染物如苯乙酮、石炭酸、对氯苯酚等,处理效率高、无二次污染。高压电晕产生的紫外线和高能电子能促进臭氧产生·O和·OH,臭氧气泡的局部放电使电晕产生更多的·OH,二者联用具有很好的协同性。因此该技术在难降解有机废水的处理方面具有较大的优越性。     

混合基质条件下难降解有机物生物降解性能

选取几种典型的难解解杂环化合物,在混合基质条件下较为系统的地研究了其好氧生物降解性能以及难解有机物间的联合作用效果,研究结果表明,吡啶,喹啉与其同系物类似的生化降解过程及抑制机理,它们的联合作用效果为相加作用,具有不可逆抑制作用物质共存时联合作用效果为协同作用,具有不可逆抑制作用物质与可逆抑制作用物质共存时,联合作用效果为拮抗作用。     

废水中有机物生物降解性数据库系统的研究

在全面分析废有机物生物降解性数据库系统的需求状态及特点的基础上,采用软件工程的方法,面向用户完成了该数据系统的系统分析和系统设计,为系统的进一步全面实施奠定了基础。     

A review of biomarker compounds as source indicators and tracers for air pollution

An overview of the application of organic geochemistry to the analysis of organic matter on aerosol particles is presented here. This organic matter is analyzed as solvent extractable bitumen/ lipids by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The organic geochemical approach assesses the origin, the environmental history and the nature of secondary products of organic matter by using the data derived from specific molecular analyses. Evaluations of production and fluxes, with cross-correlations can thus be made by the application of the same separation and analytical procedures to samples from point source emissions and the ambient atmosphere. This will be illustrated here with typical examples from the ambient atmosphere (aerosol particles) and from emissions of biomass burning (smoke). Organic matter in aerosols is derived from two major sources and is admixed depending on the geographic relief of the air shed. These sources are biogenic detritus (e.g., plant wax, microbes, etc.) and anthropogenic particle emissions (e.g., oils, soot, synthetics, etc.). Both biogenic detritus and some of the anthropogenic particle emissions contain organic materials which have unique and distinguishable compound distribution patterns (C₁₄-C₄₀). Microbial and vascular plant lipids are the dominant biogenic residues and petroleum hydrocarbons, with lesser amounts of the pyrogenic polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and synthetics (e.g., chlorinated compounds), are the major anthropogenic residues. Biomass combustion is another important primary source of particles injected into the global atmosphere. It contributes many trace substances which are reactants in atmospheric chemistry and soot paniculate matter with adsorbed biomarker compounds, most of which are unknown chemical structures. The injection of natural product organic compounds into smoke occurs primarily by direct volatilization/steam stripping and by thermal alteration based on combustion temperature. Although the molecular composition of organic matter in smoke particles is highly variable, the molecular tracers are generally still source specific. Retene has been utilized as a tracer for conifer smoke in urban aerosols, but is not always detectable. Dehydroabietic acid is generally more concentrated in the atmosphere from the same emission sources. Degradation products from biopolymers (e.g., levoglucosan from cellulose) are also excellent tracers. An overview of the biomarker compositions of biomass smoke types is presented here. Defining additional tracers of thermally-altered and directly-emitted natural products in smoke aids the assessment of the organic matter type and input from biomass combustion to aerosols. The precursor to product approach of compound characterization by organic geochemistry can be applied successfully to provide tracers for studying the chemistry and dispersion of ambient aerosols and smoke plumes. Presented at the 6th FECS Conference on Chemistry and the Environment, Atmospheric Chemistry and Air Pollution, August 26–28, 1998, Copenhagen.     

太阳光催化氧化工艺对藻源含氮有机物的降解研究

利用小试试验研究了太阳光/TiO2体系对铜绿微囊藻细胞内的溶解性有机氮(DON)的氧化降解过程,考察了氧化降解过程中总可溶性蛋白、多糖、UV254等指标的变化,分析了其作用机理.结果表明,7h处理后,太阳光/TiO2体系对水样中的DON降解率为29%,且降解过程中TN含量基本没有变化,而NH4+和NO3-的浓度明显增加;氧化过程中,总可溶性蛋白和多糖的含量明显减少,去除率达48.6%和54.5%.水样的浑浊度、UV254和DOC也有不同程度的去除.     

污染源半定量化的地下水有机污染风险评价

结合细河沿岸地区水文地质条件及地下水有机污染特征,通过AHP法确定权重,建立DRSIC模型,将评价结果与污染源荷载评价叠加,构建研究区有机污染风险评价模型.并通过研究区有机污染特征检验模型的合理性.结果表明:区内大部分地区有机污染风险中等或低.只有细河沿岸、杨士至于洪区一带污染风险处于高水平.评价结果较好的符合研究区有机污染现状.     

中间覆盖层对厌氧生物反应器填埋场中有机物降解的作用

建立了3组模拟厌氧生物反应器填埋场——R1、R2和R3,其中R1反应器无中间覆盖层,R2和R3反应器分别以矿化垃圾+重质碳酸钙、矿化垃圾+天然沸石为中间覆盖层,以研究不同中间覆盖层对厌氧生物反应器填埋场中有机物降解的作用. 结果表明:以矿化垃圾+重质碳酸钙、矿化垃圾+天然沸石为中间覆盖层时,均能维持反应器中良好的内环境,可促进垃圾和渗滤液中有机物的降解. R1、R2和R3反应器中垃圾的w(VS)(VS为挥发性固体))分别比初始值下降了69.81%、75.06%、73.86%,w(BDM)(BDM为生物可降解组分)分别下降了66.87%、82.86%、75.38%,w(纤维素)分别下降了67.96%、75.41%、72.90%;R1、R2和R3反应器中垃圾渗滤液的ρ(COD_Cr)比最大值分别降低了25.45%、29.72%、23.01%,ρ(BOD₅)分别降低了39.28%、45.66%、46.74%. 表明矿化垃圾+重质碳酸钙为中间覆盖层时,既能接种可降解有机物的微生物,又能提供微生物生长所需的碱度,因此更具优势.      

Combination of ion exchange system and biological reactors for simultaneous removal of ammonia and organics

A novel process for a simultaneous removal of ammonia and organics was developed on the basis of ion exchange and biological reactions. From batch experiments, it was found out that NH₄⁺ could be removed effectively by combining cation exchange and biological nitrification showing 0.98 mg N/m²?s of a maximum flux. On the other hand, the removal of NO₃⁻ was 3.5 times faster than NH₄⁺ and the maximum flux was calculated to be 3.4 mg N/m²?s. The systems for NH₄⁺ and NO₃⁻ removal were combined for establishing the IEBR process. When the process was operated in a continuous mode, approximately 95.8% of NH₄⁺ was removed showing an average flux of 0.22 mg N/m²·s. The removal efficiency of total nitrogen was calculated as 94.5% whereas that of organics was 99.5%. It was concluded that the IEBR process would be effectively used for a simultaneous removal of NH₄⁺ and organics.     

吸附-电氧化法降解气态乙二醇乙醚乙酸酯(EGEA)的研究

采用吸附-电氧化两步联动降解VOCs,结果表明,相同电压下以铁作为阳极时的CODCr脱除率达到80%以上,比用不锈钢阳极时高40%左右.电解质溶液的pH值和CODCr值随时间有规律地变化,也验证了反应器中所发生的反应.     

焦炉烟气中苯可溶物分析方法探讨

根据现有国家标准方法，通过改进实验条件，在保证了实验数据准确度的前提下，在样品量大和时间紧的情况下，可缩短回流时间，提高分析效率，作到保质保量。