COMPARISON OF INSTREAM AND LABORATORY METHODS OF MEASURING SEDIMENT OXYGEN DEMAND1

ABSTRACT: Sediment oxygen demand (SOD) was determined at three sites in a gravel-bottomed central Missouri stream by: (1) two variations of an instream method, and (2) a laboratory method. SOD generally was greatest by the instream methods, which are considered more accurate, and least by the laboratory method. Disturbing stream sediment did not significantly decrease SOD by the instream method. Temperature ranges of up to 12° Celsius had no significant effect on the SOD. In the gravel-bottomed stream, the placement of chambers was critical to obtain reliable measurements. SOD rates were dependent on the method; therefore, care should be taken in comparing SOD data obtained by different methods. There is a need for a carefully researched standardized method for SOD determinations.     

高空供氧装备工程设计中的生理基础

论述了在“背心──抗Ｇ服”系统供氧装备的研制中遇到有关装备设计中的生理问题，用系统论的观点对上述问题作一介绍，以期达到使飞机工程设计和防护生理研究人员在理论和实践上取得一致认识的目的。     

化学需氧量测定方法的研究进展

化学需氧量是水质监测的一项重要指标。对化学需氧量标准测定法围绕提高分析速度，缩短回流时间，降低试剂费用而进行的样品消解方法、测定手段、催化剂和氧化剂等方面的改进，及间接预测、在线自动监测研究进展作了简要综述。     

Direct and Indirect Effects of Soil Pollution by Lignite Mining

Lignite mining and processing has caused a pronounced impact both directly and indirectly on soils and ecosystems across large areas of the former GDR. We studied soils of pine forest ecosystems at sites affected by severe alkaline dust and sulphur deposition, stemming from lignite fired power plant emission, and at dumped sites from lignite mining. In this paper we summarize our main results and evaluate the long-term impact of lignite mining and combustion on the environment. The pine ecosystems on naturally developed soils show a clear effect of deposition history along a former deposition gradient with distinct changes in chemical properties of organic surface layers and mineral soil as well as in element turnover and cycling rates. Afforested sites on mining dumps are directly affected by the composition of the dumped substrates. Over a large area (800 km²) these substrates are dominated by Tertiary sediments with varying amounts of lignitic particles and pyrite that result in phytotoxic site conditions (pH < 3, high salt and metal contents). High amelioration doses of liming material (up to 200 t ha⁻¹) were applied for restoration purposes. We studied the development of these sites over a period of 60 years using a false-time series approach. Beside the extreme soil conditions, element budgets of these sites are characterized by very high element release rates over decades caused by pyrite oxidation and primary mineral weathering.     

Projected Climate Change Effects on Winterkill in Shallow Lakes in the Northern United States

2 was obtained from the output of the Canadian Climate Center General Circulation Model. To illustrate the effect of projected climate change on lake DO characteristics, we present herein DO information simulated, respectively, with inputs of past climate conditions (1961–1979) and with a projected 2 × CO₂ climate scenario, as well as differences of those values. Specific parameters obtained were minimum under-ice and lake bottom DO concentration in winter, duration of under-ice anoxic conditions (<0.1 mg/liter) and low DO conditions (<3 mg/liter), and percentage of anoxic and low DO lake volumes during the ice cover period. Under current climate conditions winterkill occurs typically in shallow eutrophic lakes of the northern contiguous United States. Climate warming is projected to eliminate winterkill in these lakes. This would be a positive effect of climate warming. Fish species under ice may still experience periods of stress and zero growth due to low DO (<3 mg/liter) conditions under projected climate warming.     

好/厌氧多级串联潜流人工湿地对COD的去除效果

为了调整传统潜流湿地内部溶解氧分布状态,提高其对生活污水水质净化的效率,对传统潜流湿地进行了不同区段的划分及功能强化,设计了不同结构的好氧/厌氧多级串联潜流人工湿地,研究了好氧/厌氧段比例、位置及人工曝气等因素对出水COD的影响,并与传统潜流湿地进行净化效果的比较。结果表明,传统潜流湿地对COD的去除率为70.3%,以好氧/厌氧/好氧段方式串联采用前部和后部曝气并作厌氧处理的潜流湿地(即O-A-O强化曝气组)对COD的去除率为90.1%,比传统潜流湿地提高了19.8%;O-A-O强化曝气组平均出水浓度为17.4mg/L,不曝气的O-A-O出水COD浓度基本维持在50.0～60.0mg/L;对O-A-O前部和后部曝气处理后COD的去除率分别提高了30.4%和20.8%。可见,在实验条件下O-A-O强化曝气组对COD的去除率最高,结构相同的湿地曝气处理后出水水质有显著改善,在湿地前部曝气对COD的去除效果尤为显著。     

生态稳定塘及植物净化法处理造纸废水的应用技术

文章以某稻草原料的纸业公司废水治理工程为例,论述工程建设的造纸废水生态处理系统,包括造纸废水厌氧处理塘、混合废水兼氧-好氧处理塘及育苇塘,其中纸机白水、中段废水含有较多的流失填料,采用斜网及沉淀处理后入生态塘系统。混合后的废水经兼氧-氧化塘-芦苇湿地处理系统,大大增加了其处理效果。排水经芦苇人工湿地净化处理,用以生产造纸原料芦苇塘的种植用水。工程配备完善的给排水系统和废水循环利用系统,实现废水的零排放。     

微曝气垂直流湿地中4种基质的充氧性能研究

通过模型曝气实验研究了公分石、火山石、500级陶粒、高强级陶粒4种基质和空白水柱分别在0.19、 0.38、 0.76 m³·(m²·h)^-1 3种曝气强度下的充氧性能.结果表明,在相同条件下,曝气强度越大,氧转移速率常数K_La越大,填充了基质的模型的氧转移速率常数比空白提高了5～7.8倍;在0.19 m³·(m²·h)^-1曝气强度下,500级陶粒和高强级陶粒的氧利用率最高,分别为14.39%和14.21%,火山石和公分石的氧利用率分别为13.11%和11.68%;随着曝气强度的提高,公分石的氧利用率明显高于其它基质,在0.38 m³·(m²·h)^-1曝气强度下达到最大值14.04％,比该状况下空白模型的氧利用率高出3倍,火山石的氧利用率持续下降,在0.76 m³·(m²·h)^-1曝气强度下,氧利用率为7.67%,500级陶粒和高强级陶粒的氧利用率较为稳定,维持在10%左右.     

Disruption of biofilms from sewage pipes under physical and chemical conditioning

Biofilms grown inside two sewage collecting pipes located in industrial and residential areas are studied. Bacterial biomass inside three layers of biofilms was evaluated. Biofilm cohesion under different mixing rate and ionic strength was also investigated. Effects of physical and chemical parameters in the biofilms were evaluated by monitoring turbidity, chemical and biochemical oxygen demands. Extracted organic matter from biofilms was partitioned to polar, aromatic and saturated fractions using activated silica column chromatography. Results revealed that bacterial biomass growth depending on biofilm thickness and stratification. The most loaded stratum in bacterial biomass was the sewage-biofilm interface stratum that represented 51% of the total bacterial biomass. Stirring rate and ionic strength of mono and bivalent salts showed a major influence in biofilm disruption. The stirring time enhanced the exchange dynamic and matter capture between biofilm fragments at the critical stirring rate 90 r/min. Sodium chloride showed the dispersing effect on biofilms in suspension, and decreased the BOD5 (biochemical oxygen demand) beyond the physiological salt concentration.     

O2与Fe(Ò )协同作用氧化和去除As(ó )

在中性无氧水环境中,以O2为氧化剂,研究不同Fe（Ⅱ）和As（Ⅲ）比值（下文中简称Fe/As比值）条件下As（Ⅲ）的氧化去除效率及机理.实验发现,在O2与Fe（Ⅱ）共存的条件下,约3~4d时间内80%左右的As（Ⅲ）被去除,6~8d后,反应趋于稳定.当Fe/As=20时,As（Ⅲ）去除率达到95%左右,当Fe/As≥30时,去除率可达到99.5%以上.研究表明,无铁水环境中O2对砷的氧化速率是极其缓慢的,而有铁存在时氧化效率可大大提高.