上海市浦东城区二次气溶胶生成的估算

利用2010年5～10月不同日最高O3小时浓度(O3,max)下PM10浓度变化评估不同O3浓度水平下二次气溶胶生成量.CO作为一次颗粒物的标志物,O3作为光化学反应水平的指示物种.结果表明不同光化学水平条件下,PM10中一次与二次气溶胶浓度及比例存在较大差异.随着光化学水平的增加,PM10中一次气溶胶排放浓度增长不大(0.036～0.044 mg.m-3),二次气溶胶的生成量却呈数倍增长(0.018～0.055 mg.m-3);二次与一次气溶胶浓度的比例也从49.8%增加到124.5%.O3,max出现的时间也随着光化学水平的增强由13:00推迟到14:00,二次气溶胶生成的主要时段也从11:00～20:00增加到09:00～20:00;此外,PM2.5中主要组分SO24-、NO3-、OC等比例随着光化学水平(即O3,max浓度)的不同而存在一定差异,当O3,max<0.10 mg.m-3时,PM2.5主要由12.0%有机碳(OC)、18.7%硫酸盐、13.1%硝酸盐和4.5%元素碳(EC)组成,而O3,max>0.20mg.m-3时,PM2.5主要由20.0%有机碳(OC)、22.9%硫酸盐、23.1%硝酸盐和4.7%元素碳(EC)组成.说明SO24-、NO3-、OC受光化学水平影响较大.     

长江三角洲地区春季臭氧异常高值的数值模拟研究

已有的观测与研究表明,长江三角洲地区春季的臭氧浓度为全年最高,且高浓度臭氧出现的频率也最高.采用美国环境保护局(USEPA)的区域大气质量模式(CMAQ)研究长江三角洲地区2000年5月一次臭氧异常高值事件.与地面观测资料的对比分析表明,该模式基本再现了臭氧及其前体物的变化趋势.通过个例分析,从物理和化学两方面解释了2000年5月11日佘山、嘉兴和临安均观测到高浓度臭氧的原因.模拟结果表明,气象场对区域空气污染分布形式起着至关重要的作用,同时也反应了在适当的风场作用下,上海地区的污染源可以对长江三角洲地区的空气质量造成很大影响.      

臭氧光催化降解地下水中天然有机物的研究

在现场开展了中试规模的臭氧光催化降解天然有机物的研究.研究表明,对大分子天然有机物占很大比例且重碳酸盐含量较高的地下水,臭氧投加量10 mg/L和反应时间10 min条件下,TOC的去除率不到20%,但UV254和三卤甲烷生成潜力(THMFP)去除率分别达到近60%和33.5%.臭氧光催化与活性炭吸附相连,能显著提高UV254的THMFP的去除率,但TOC去除率并不明显高于单独活性炭吸附.臭氧光催化使大分子有机物转化为小分子有机物,后者在活性炭上的吸附性提高且生化性改善,可望在生物活性炭上更有效地去除.     

饮用水中内分泌干扰物双酚A的臭氧氧化降解研究

采用臭氧氧化工艺对饮用水中内分泌干扰物双酚A特性进行了研究.研究表明:在原水浓度为1.0mg/L左右,臭氧总投加量为1.0、1.5和2.0mg/L条件下,30min BPA去除率可达70%、82%和90%.通过考察不同臭氧投加量、不同本底条件、不同BPA初始浓度和不同臭氧投加时间对BPA臭氧氧化的影响,分析得出臭氧投加量对BPA的降解占主导地位,而臭氧接触时间对去除效果的影响很小;采用紫外波长扫描确定在臭氧降解BPA的同时生成了在UV₂₅₄上有吸收的产物.通过考察臭氧氧化双酚A过程中UV₂₅₄的变化,提出低臭氧投加量下BPA不能完全被氧化,而采用缩短臭氧投加时间、加大臭氧投加量以及提高水中余臭氧浓度等方法,有利于水中BPA的完全降解.     

SPATIAL ANALYSIS FOR MONTHLY RAINFALL IN SOUTH FLORIDA1

ABSTRACT: Several methods have been developed to interpolate point rainfall data and integrate areal rainfall data from any network of stations. From previous studies, it can be concluded that models for spatial analysis of rainfall are dependent on topography, area of analysis, type of rainfall, and density of gauging network. The purpose of this study is to evaluate a set of six appropriate models for point and areal rainfall estimations over a 4000 square mile area in South Florida. In this study, a case of developing spatial continuity model for monthly rainfall from a database that had various lengths of records and missing data is documented. The spatial correlation and variogram models for monthly rainfall were developed. Six methods of spatial interpolation were applied and the results validated with historical observations. The results of the study indicate that the multiquadric, kriging, and optimal interpolation schemes are the best three methods for interpolation of monthly rainfall within the study area. The optimal and kriging methods have the advantage of providing estimates of the error of interpolation. The optimal interpolation method uses the spatial correlation function and the kriging method uses the variogram function. The two spatial functions are related. Either of the two methods provide good estimates of monthly point and areal rainfall in the study area.     

Simulation and control strategy for the variational influent of WWTP

With the development of activated sludge model, the simulation software for the design and operation of wastewater treatment plant （WWTP） was produced and has been widely used. The dynamic change of the quality and flow of influent are major factors causing the unstable operation of wastewater treatment process. As a basic model, ASMI model was used for the simulation of activated sludge process, and double exponential model was selected for the simulation of secondary sedimentation tank. The influences of influent change to the aeration tank and secondary sedimentation tank were investigated, and the relationship among influent change, the quality of effluent and the level of sludge blanket in secondary sedimentation tank was established. On the basis of the simulation results, the operation of the WWTP could be adjusted under the dynamic change of the influent. Furthermore, the controlling strategy combined the feed-forward on the influent flow and the feedback on the level of sludge blanket in the secondary sedimentation tank was studied.     

Field Surveys of Ozone Symptoms on Spontaneous Vegetation. Limitations and Potentialities of the European Programme

Within the European intensive forest monitoring programme, the native vegetation on permanent Level II plots has been monitored for visible ozone injuries. The main purpose of the programme is to assess the potential risks for the forest vegetation and the natural ecosystems at the intensive monitoring plots. During the first years of the programme the surveys were qualitative, reporting only the number and the name of the symptomatic species in selected Light Exposed Sampling Site. In 2003 a new plot design was tested, based on the distribution of a number of miniplots along the edge of the forest, so as to obtain quantitative findings about the occurrence and distribution of the symptoms. The problems that still persist are related to: (i) the forest edge assessed for ozone symptoms may have a different floristic composition from the Level II plot itself; (ii) the anthropic pressure and the disturbances affecting the forest edge alters the floristic composition; (iii) the variability of the plant composition in the forest edge, which makes comparability difficult between different sites; and (iv) the evaluation of symptoms in several species that have not yet been experimentally tested. Further difficulties are due to the fact that symptoms observed in the field are often aspecific and cannot, therefore, be attributed solely to the phytotoxic action of ozone. To improve the effectiveness of the European programme, it is necessary: (i) to individualise and select common sensitive plant species for homogeneous ecological regions; (ii) to enhance experimental activities to test the sensitivity of a large number of plant species.     

Use of Maryland Biological Stream Survey Data to Determine Effects of Agricultural Riparian Buffers on Measures of Biological Stream Health

This study was undertaken to determine the importance of riparian buffers to stream ecology in agricultural areas. The original Maryland Biological Stream Survey (MBSS) data set was partitioned to represent agricultural sites in Maryland's Coastal Plain and Piedmont regions. ANOVA, multiple linear regression (MLR), and CART regression tree models were developed using riparian and site catchment landscape characteristics. MBSS data were both stratified by physiographic region and analyzed as a combined data set. All models indicated that land management at the site was not the controlling factor for fish IBIs (FIBI) at that site and, hence, using FIBI to evaluate site-scale factors would not be a prudent procedure. Measures of instream habitat and location in the stream network were the dominant explanatory factors for FIBI models. Both CART and MLR models indicated that forest buffers were influential on benthic IBIs (BIBI). Explanatory variables reflected instream conditions, adjacent landscape influence, and chemistry in the Coastal Plains sites, all of which are relatively site specific. However, for Piedmont sites, hydrologic factors were important, in addition to adjacent landscape influence, and chemistry. Both Coastal Plain and Piedmont CART models identified several hydrologic factors, emphasizing the dominant control of hydrology on the physical habitat index (PHI). Riparian buffers were a secondary influence on PHI in the Coastal Plain, but not in the Piedmont. Between 40% and 70% of the variation in FIBI, BIBI, and PHI was explained by the “easily obtainable” variables available from the MBSS data set. While these are empirical results specific to Maryland, the general findings are of use to other locations where the establishment of forest buffers is considered as an aquatic ecosystem restoration measure.     

我国典型钢铁工业城市夏季臭氧污染来源解析研究

邯郸与其周边城市相比,臭氧(O3)污染最为严重.基于观测数据分析夏季邯郸O3浓度的时空特征,结果显示:观测期间邯郸O3超标天数比率为86.7％,各区县O3浓度分布存在差异,高温、低湿和偏南贴地气团传输是此次O3连续污染的主要成因.继而,以CAMx-OSAT模型模拟方法进行O3来源解析,溯源分析显示:邯郸O3污染具有明显...     

北京市燕山地区大气颗粒物中NO3－和SO42－浓度变化规律及其与O3

用ＫＢ－１２０型大气颗粒采样器采样,离子色谱法分析其中水溶性无机阴离子组分。结果表明,北京市燕山石油化工区大气颗粒物中和浓度随季节变化显著,夏季和平均浓度分别为９．４０μｇ／ｍ３和２８．２２μｇ／ｍ３;秋季分别为４．１２μｇ／ｍ３和３．８０μｇ／ｍ３。