一株对硫磷降解菌的诱变复壮研究

从长期施用对硫磷的土壤中筛选分离出1株能以对硫磷为唯一C源的菌株D10,研究微生物对有机磷农药的降解作用.鉴定表明,D10为不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter sp.)微生物,该菌株对农药对硫磷的最大耐受质量浓度为1 800 mg/L,但D10对农药对硫磷的降解率仅为25%.本文通过D10诱变复壮试验提高对硫磷降解率,结果表明,经紫外线(18 W)辐照10 s后,D10对农药对硫磷降解率提高至49.1%; 用0.8%盐酸羟胺溶液振荡处理30 min后,降解率为69.6%; 用60%土壤浸出液振荡培养48 h后,降解率为53.9%.对D10进行上述条件下的复合诱变,对硫磷降解率可达到82.8%.高效降解菌的选育为提高微生物对农药的降解奠定了基础.此外,通过改进有机磷农药萃取的前处理方法,使紫外分光光度法检测简便、精确,与气相色谱法检测结果拟合较好,具有一定实用价值.     

Effect of some organophosphate insecticides on acetylcholinesterase of adult coccinella septempunctata (coccinellidae)

Abstract

The in vitro enzyme activity of head homogenates of Coccinella septempunctata from different habitats (wheat, barley, rye and set‐aside fields in Belgium and Hungary) and the effect of in vivo surface contact treatments with organophosphorous active ingredients on the same species were investigated. The in vitro studies indicated that the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) of C. septempunctata was less sensitive to inhibition by paraoxon than by malaoxon in the case of each population. The differences found between parathion and malathion treatments in in vivo testing were not significant. The inhibition process of paraoxon suggests that the seven‐spot ladybird may have at least two AChEs responding differently for the paraoxon inhibition.     

Electrochemical determination of methyl parathion using a modified electrode

Electrochemical studies of pesticides using various electrode systems attain prominence in recent years because of their application in trace determinations. Cyclic voltammetric studies of methyl parathion on a glassy carbon electrode at various pH in 50% aqueous ethanol medium were carried out. Influence of pH led to the selection of pH 1.0 as the best pH for the electroanalysis of methyl parathion. The number of electrons transferred was determined using controlled potential coulometry. On the basis of the results a probable reduction mechanism was proposed. Cyclic voltammetric studies of methyl parathion using polypyrrole deposited and sodium montmorillonite clay modified electrodes in the presence of cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide were carried out. The clay-modified electrode and the reduction peak around ?0.2?V were selected for stripping analysis owing to their maximum current response. The experimental parameters were optimized using the differential pulse stripping mode. A calibration plot was made. The determination limit and standard deviations were arrived. The applicability of the method was also verified in a sample soil analysis.     

UV-Fenton法降解对硫磷的机理及动力学

采用UV-Fenton法对对硫磷的氧化消除及动力学规律进行研究,利用气相色谱法测定对硫磷的浓度,以半衰期的大小来表示降解效果;并考察了Fe2+浓度、H2O2浓度以及pH对光解对硫磷的影响.结果表明,UV-Fenton对对硫磷的氧化降解过程符合一级反应动力学;溶液中Fe2+与H2O2浓度对降解反应影响较大,随着浓度的增加对硫磷的降解效果增大,一定程度后呈下降趋势;在pH=3时,对硫磷的降解效果最好,其半衰期可达到0.256 h,一级动力学方程可表示为Ct=4.9652e-2.7 066t.     

工业污染用地转为建设用地的处置方案研究

针对安徽省某市某房地产开发项目建在工业遗留污染用地上的区域土壤进行污染分析及处置方案的探讨。根据检测报告和现场考察,确定项目区内土壤受到对硫磷的污染。通过对对硫磷的危害迁移、挥发特性分析并比较对污染土壤处置方案,项目区考虑采用换土方法进行污染处理,并对挖出后的土壤进行合理处置,建议项目区内换土深度为0.6 m,其中建筑物没有地下室则不考虑换土,并对小区围墙基础加深至0.8 m,以免周边土壤中污染物随渗流对项目区的影响。项目区内污染土壤进行处置时,可以考虑分别进行处置,污染严重的区域按危险废物进行处置,其他区域进行简单处理用作道路或建筑物基础用土,或者放到山区林地里,以节约处置费用。     

一株甲基对硫磷高效降解菌的鉴定及特性研究

从长期施用甲基对硫磷(MP)的污染土壤中分离到一株能以甲基对硫磷为唯一碳源和氮源生长的新型降解菌HS-D38,并利用该菌既降解MP.结果表明,该菌既在降解MP的同时,可对中间产物对硝基苯酚(PNP)进行降解.该菌既能利用苯胺类物质作为唯一的氮源生长,又能利用对苯二酚作为唯一的碳源生长.经SDS或吖啶橙消除质粒后,HS-D38降解MP和PNP的能力丧失. 表明该菌降解酶可能由质粒DNA编码.对该菌16S rDNA 进行PCR扩增、测序,运用BLAST检索分析并构建了系统进化树.结合生理生化鉴定结果,HS-D38被鉴定为铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa).