粉末活性炭粒径对水中菲吸附动力学的影响效应研究

以菲为目标污染物,研究了粉末活性炭(PAC)在微尺度(1～ 100.Μm)下的粒径效应对多环芳烃吸附性能的影响.实验中按照中值粒径将研磨后得到的粉末活性炭划分为:PAC-1 (19 μm)、PAC-2(46μm)、PAC-3(76 μm).通过比表面积及孔隙度自动分析仪、原位拉曼光谱、扫描电镜等手段对PAC物化性质进行表征,发现粒径减小使PAC的BET比表面积和总孔容增加了10％ ～20％左右,而对PAC表面化学性质的影响较小.PAC的粒径分布对其吸附性能有显著影响,这种影响主要体现为吸附速率成倍的增加,其次是吸附容量有30％ ～36％的增幅.分别用3种动力学模型对吸附过程进行拟合,结果表明,伪二级动力学方程的拟合程度最高,PAC-1有最大的吸附速率常数k,并且随着粒径的减小,k值逐渐增大.     

铅蓄电池厂污染土壤中重金属铅的清洗及形态变化分析

以我国西南某铅蓄电池厂区内不同污染负荷的铅污染土壤为研究对象,对其中铅含量和形态进行分析,并利用不同清洗剂清洗进行筛选.对不同pH条件下铅的清洗效率和铅形态进行分析,并对不同粒径土壤进行不同时间清洗以确定最佳清洗时间.结果表明,厂区内A和B点土壤污染严重,分别达到15 703.22 mg.kg-1和1 747.78 mg.kg-1,活动态铅比例较大,残渣态仅占17.32%、11.64%、14.6%和10.2%.EDTA、盐酸、柠檬酸、鼠李糖脂和SDS这5种清洗剂中EDTA和盐酸的提取效果最好.酸性条件下的清洗不仅能有效地提取铅总量并能有效地减小铅活动态的环境风险,建议pH 4～7最为合适.粗沙粒和细沙粒的清洗效果较好,清洗粉黏粒建议改进工艺,清洗时间定为240 min效果最好.     

韩国西海岸地区停车场径流携带沉积物的粒径分布及污染特征研究

为了解沿海地区城市停车场内径流携带沉积物的粒径分布及污染特征,于2011年4—6月在韩国西海岸12个不同停车场采集了沉积物样品,分别分析了其粒径分布和各粒径中污染物质的含量.结果表明,不同采样点的废弃物形态差异较大,主要表现在较大的植物茎叶、烟蒂及动物粪便等废弃物和含水率等方面.不同采样点的颗粒物粒径大小不同,其颗粒物的均一性也有所差异.总体来讲,106～500μm之间的颗粒物是径流携带沉积物的主要组成部分,其平均质量分数占总体(<2360μm)颗粒物的59.9%.对不同粒径中污染物质的含量分析得出,颗粒物中污染物质的含量随粒径增大而减小.其中,<106μm的颗粒物中总氮、总磷、COD和挥发性物质的质量分别占各污染物总量的18.9%、17.8%、20.41%和18.9%,而该部分颗粒物本身的平均质量分数只有3.9%.可见<106μm的颗粒物处于高度污染状态.因此,在城市停车场面源污染管理中,应该对该部分高度污染的颗粒物给以足够的重视.对于不同污染特征的颗粒物应该采用不同的去除方法.     

水体悬浮颗粒物对斜生栅藻生理生化及光合活性的影响

通过研究不同浓度(30、40、50、60、70 mg·L-1)和不同粒径(0～75μm、75 ～ 96μm、96 ～150 μm、150～ 250 μm)水体悬浮颗粒物对斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus)叶绿素a含量、抗氧化系酶活性、脂质过氧化物丙二醛(MDA)含量、可溶性蛋白含量及光合参数变化的影响,探讨了水体悬浮颗粒物对斜生栅藻生理生化及光合活性影响的机制.结果表明,预处理与未处理悬浮颗粒物在一定浓度范围内会促进藻类生长,超过各自临界浓度(预处理为40 mg·L-1、未处理为50 mg·L-1)后,随着颗粒物浓度的增加会对藻类生长产生抑制现象未经处理的相同浓度不同粒径颗粒物对斜生栅藻都表现出抑制作用,0～75μm粒径组颗粒物作用下藻体内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、MDA和可溶性蛋白质含量等均显著区别于其他粒径组的作用(p＜0.05).经过预处理的相同浓度不同粒径颗粒物中,96～150μm粒径组对藻类的生长抑制较其他粒径组明显,且小粒径组颗粒物对藻类体内SOD、CAT、MDA和可溶性蛋白质含量等影响较大.受不同浓度悬浮颗粒物胁迫的斜生栅藻相对电子传递速率随着时间延长在一定程度上降低,但这种抑制作用在藻细胞的耐受范围,藻细胞可以通过自身调节将电子传递速率恢复到正常水平甚至更高以抵抗逆境环境.     

鹤山灰霾期间大气单颗粒气溶胶特征的初步研究

2012年6月9-17日,使用单颗粒气溶胶质谱仪(SPAMS)分析了鹤山大气中单颗粒的特征,共采集到同时含有正负离子谱图的颗粒763350个,其粒径主要集中在0.2～2.0 μm之间,期间发生灰霾的天数为3d.研究结果表明,该地区的大气颗粒物类型主要可分为7种:元素碳(EC)、有机碳(OC)、元素-有机碳混合(ECOC)、大分子有机碳(HMOC)、海盐(Na-K)、富钾颗粒(K-rich)和富铅颗粒(Pb-rich).灰霾天气下,颗粒中的二次成分含量更高,粒径显著增大.各颗粒类型数量浓度均有一定程度的提高,其中,以EC、ECOC和K-rich的增加最为明显.分析结果表明,水稻秸秆的集中焚烧及EC、ECOC和K-rich的老化是形成本次灰霾的重要原因.     

基于地基遥感数据的太湖地区气溶胶光学厚度和粒子谱变化规律研究

利用多光谱旋转遮蔽影带辐射计(Multi-Filter Rotating Shadowband Radiometer,MFRSR)测定了我国长江三角洲中部的太湖地区2008年5月至2009年4月期间415 nm、500 nm、615 nm、673 nm、870 nm波段的全天空总辐射、散射辐射和直接辐射通量密度,结合球形粒子的Mie散射理论反演了该地区大气气溶胶粒子谱,并对结果进行了分析.结果表明:受人为活动的影响,该地区工作日和非工作日气溶胶光学厚度和粒子谱的日变化存在明显的差异,工作日上午6:00-9:00时间内,细粒子的生成远大于非工作日这一期间细粒子的生成.太湖地区气溶胶光学厚度常年较高,500 nm波段的年平均值为0.8038±0.7924,夏季最大(0.9359±0.7389),冬季最小(0.6209±0.5500);气溶胶粒子谱表现出双峰分布,一种是位于半径0.15 μm附近的细模态,另一种是半径3μm左右的粗模态,且夏季和秋季细粒子较多,而其他季节粗粒子较多.气溶胶光学厚度以及气溶胶粒子谱分布的季节变化受到气象条件的显著影响.降水过程对大气气溶胶具有明显的冲刷作用,并且降水后大气气溶胶的增加与气溶胶粒子大小有关,积聚态粒子浓度的增加比粗模态粒子的增加更快.     

Removal and transformation of organic matters in domestic wastewater during lab-scale chemically enhanced primary treatment and a trickling filter treatment

To find a simple and economical way for treating the domestic wastewater in small counties and towns, a process combining chemically enhanced primary treatment and a trickling filter (CEPT-TF, representing the physical and biological effects) was constructed and operated in laboratory conditions. The characteristic behaviors of dissolved organic matter in raw wastewater and effluents were examined during steady-state operation. Experimental results showed that the process of CEPT and TF in series was beneficial for the removal of hydrophobic and hydrophilic organics. Specially, the hydrophobic and aromatic materials could be preferentially removed in the CEPT unit, and the hydrophilic fraction in the TF. Structural changes of the organic fractions during the operation of the different units were also characterized via spectrum analysis.     

天津近岸表层沉积物重金属和放射性核素分布特征

对渤海湾天津海域14个表层沉积物样品进行粒度、重金属和核素放射性活度测量,结果显示,沉积物组成以粉砂为主,其粒径在研究区横纵向上分别呈由南至北、由东至西逐渐变粗的分布特征.重金属元素含量为Cu:25.6~35.1mg/kg、Pb:44.1~67.7mg/kg、Zn:60~73.5mg/kg;210Pb活度为13.2~35.3Bq/kg,137Cs活度为0.05~1.28Bq/kg,重金属含量和放射性活度随粒径减小而增大,总体上呈由北至南逐渐增大的分布特征,在中部和南部分别呈由西北至东南和由西至东逐渐增大的分布特征.这主要是因为细颗粒组分对Cu、Pb、Zn、210Pb和137Cs的吸附作用大于粗颗粒组分,因此,其分布受渤海湾水流及其所导致的粒径变化所影响.     

Influence of dissolved organic matter character on mercury incorporation by planktonic organisms：An experimental study using oligotrophic water from Patagonian lakes

Ligands present in dissolved organic matter （DOM） form complexes with inorganic divalent mercury （Hg^2＋） affecting its bioavailability in pelagic food webs. This investigation addresses the influence of a natural gradient of DOM present in Patagonian lakes on the bioaccumulation of Hg^2＋ （the prevailing mercury species in the water column of these lakes） by the algae Cryptomonas erosa and the zooplankters Brachionus calyciflorus and Boeckella antiqua. Hg^2＋ accumulation was studied through laboratory experiments using natural water of four oligotrophic Patagonian lakes amended with^197Hg^2＋. The bioavailability of Hg^2＋ was affected by the concentration and character of DOM. The entrance of Hg^2＋ into pelagic food webs occurs mostly through passive and active accumulation. The incorporation of Hg^2＋ by Cryptomonas, up to 27% of the Hg^2＋ amended, was found to be rapid and dominated by passive adsorption, and was greatest when low molecular weight compounds with protein-like or small phenolic signatures prevailed in the DOM. Conversely, high molecular weight compounds with a humic or fulvic signature kept Hg^2＋ in the dissolved phase, resulting in the lowest Hg^2＋ accumulation in this algae. In Brachionus and Boeckella the direct incorporation of Hg from the aqueous phase was up to 3% of the Hg^2＋ amended. The dietary incorporation of Hg^2＋ by Boeckella exceeded the direct absorption of this metal in natural water, and was remarkably similar to the Hg^2＋ adsorbed in their prey. Overall, DOM concentration and character affected the adsorption of Hg^2＋ by algae through competitive binding, while the incorporation of Hg^2＋ into the zooplankton was dominated by trophic or dietary transfer.     

Electrochemical and spectroscopic characteristics of dissolved organic matter in a forest soil profile

Dissolved organic matter （DOM） represents one of the most mobile and reactive organic compounds in ecosystem and plays an important role in the fate and transport of soil organic pollutants, nutrient cycling and more importantly global climate change. Electrochemical methods were first employed to evaluate DOM redox properties, and spectroscopic approaches were utilized to obtain information concerning its composition and structure. DOM was extracted from a forest soil profile with five horizons. Differential pulse voltammetry indicated that there were more redox-active moieties in the DOM from upper horizons than in that from lower horizons. Cyclic voltammetry further showed that these moieties were reversible in electron transfer. Chronoamperometry was employed to quantify the electron transfer capacity of DOM, including electron acceptor capacity and electron donor capacity, both of which decreased sharply with increasing depth. FT-IR, UV-Vis and fluorescence spectra results suggested that DOM from the upper horizons was enriched with aromatic and humic structures while that from the lower horizons was rich in aliphatic carbon, which supported the findings obtained by electrochemical approaches. Electrochemical approaches combined with spectroscopic methods were applied to evaluate the characteristics of DOM extracted along a forest soil profile. The electrochemical properties of DOM, which can be rapidly and simply obtained, provide insight into the migration and transformation of DOM along a soil profile and will aid in better understanding of the biogeochemical role of DOM in natural environments.