兰州市不同季节大气微生物气溶胶粒径及分布特征研究

大气微生物对人类危害不仅与微生物气溶胶浓度和种类有关,而且大气微生物气溶胶粒径尺度大小及其分布特征也是重要的影响因素.在兰州市城关区选取不同环境功能区对其室外大气微生物气溶胶粒径(D,μm)大小及分布特征进行研究,结果表明,不同环境功能区大气细菌、霉菌和放线菌气溶胶粒度分布特征存在季节性分布差异,其中大气细菌气溶胶粒径...     

超音速气动液滴荷电雾化及降尘性能试验研究*

为探究煤炭生产过程中呼吸性粉尘难以捕捉且对人体造成伤害的问题,提出超音速水雾荷电降尘技术。基于荷电雾化机理,研究电极环直径、电极间距、电压3因素对超音速气动液滴荷电、雾化效果的影响。利用网状目标法测量雾滴群电流并计算荷质比,采用SPSS软件分析3因素与雾滴荷质比之间的相关性,并用激光粒度仪测量雾滴粒径。最后,采用最优荷电雾化参数进行喷雾降尘试验。研究结果表明:各因素对荷电效果的影响次序为:电压>电极间距>电极环直径;雾滴粒径随电压的升高而减小,随电极间距的增大先增大后减小,随电极环直径的增大先减小后增大;当电压12 kV,电极间距2.5 cm,电极环直径6 cm时,超音速荷电水雾降尘效果最佳,与普通水雾降尘相比,全尘降尘效率提高12.4%,呼尘降尘效率提高49.6%。     

Importance of health assessments for conservation in noncaptive wildlife

Wildlife health assessments help identify populations at risk of starvation, disease, and decline from anthropogenic impacts on natural habitats. We conducted an overview of available health assessment studies in noncaptive vertebrates and devised a framework to strategically integrate health assessments in population monitoring. Using a systematic approach, we performed a thorough assessment of studies examining multiple health parameters of noncaptive vertebrate species from 1982 to 2020 (n = 261 studies). We quantified trends in study design and diagnostic methods across taxa with generalized linear models, bibliometric analyses, and visual representations of study location versus biodiversity hotspots. Only 35% of studies involved international or cross-border collaboration. Countries with both high and threatened biodiversity were greatly underrepresented. Species that were not listed as threatened on the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List represented 49% of assessed species, a trend likely associated with the regional focus of most studies. We strongly suggest following wildlife health assessment protocols when planning a study and using statistically adequate sample sizes for studies establishing reference ranges. Across all taxa blood analysis (89%), body composition assessments (81%), physical examination (72%), and fecal analyses (24% of studies) were the most common methods. A conceptual framework to improve design and standardize wildlife health assessments includes guidelines on the experimental design, data acquisition and analysis, and species conservation planning and management implications. Integrating a physiological and ecological understanding of species resilience toward threatening processes will enable informed decision making regarding the conservation of threatened species.     

热脱附法快速分析大气细颗粒物中非极性有机物

本研究改进了传统有机样品前处理步骤,将大气细颗粒物样品直接装填于TD管并与气相色谱联用的自动化热脱附装置,建立的新型热脱附(thermo desorption,TD)与气相色谱/质谱(GC/MS)联用方法,对72种非极性有机物(non-polar organic compounds,NPOCs),包括34种多环芳烃(polylicycle aromatic hydrocarbon,PAHs)、1种苯并噻吩、27种(C_(10)~C_(34))烷烃(alkanes)、5种霍烷(hopanes)和5种甾烷(steranes)化合物进行定量分析.优化了承载样品装填方式、热脱附条件和进样模式等参数.结果表明,热脱附-气相色谱/质谱方法对多环芳烃、正构烷烃、霍烷和甾烷的检出限分别为0.01~1.0、0.1~8.0和0.50~2.0 ng·m~(-3),标定曲线线性相关系数在0.9以上.热脱附效率分别为:多环芳烃95%~100%、正构烷烃81%~100%、霍烷和甾烷83.1%~100%.与传统溶剂超声萃取的方法差异性比较结果表明,两种方法分析结果的偏差基本小于30%,在可接受范围内.对临安和上海PM_(2.5)中的痕量NPOCs的定量分析表明,采样期间两地大气PM_(2.5)中NPOCs以烷烃为主,其次为PAHs.特征比值法分析结果表明,大气细颗粒物污染主要来自化石燃料燃烧和煤炭燃烧.     

北京市冬季气溶胶粒子尺度谱分布研究

对2000年12月和1980年代中期北京市近地面气溶胶尺度谱的观测数据,进行了分析和比较研究.结果表明,在粒子尺度谱上,粒子分布向更细粒子位移;0.1～2.0 μm的积聚模态粒子,其峰中心在0.12 μm处.在粒子体积(质量)尺度谱上,粒径小于2 μm的细粒子约占26.9%,粗粒子约占73.1%,表现出细粒子浓度增加的趋势.气溶胶发生源结构的变化,使原生粒子减少,再生粒子增加.这部分粒子对人的危害更大,更难于治理.     

Atmospheric particle-bound polycyclic aromatic compounds over two distinct sites in Pakistan: Characteristics, sources and health risk assessment

Much attention is drawn to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons（PAHs） as an air pollutant due to their toxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic properties. Therefore, to understand the levels, seasonality, sources and potential health risk of PAHs in two distinct geographical locations at Karachi and Mardan in Pakistan, total suspended particle（TSP） samples were collected for over one year period. The average total PAH concentrations were 31.5 ± 24.4 and 199 ± 229 ng/m³ in Karachi and Mardan, re...     

Exploring the impact of new particle formation events on PM2.5 pollution during winter in the Yangtze River Delta, China

New particle formation（NPF） events are an increasingly interesting topic in air quality and climate science. In this study, the particle number size distributions, and the frequency of NPF events over Hefei were investigated from November 2018 to February 2019. The proportions of the nucleation mode, Aitken mode, and accumulation mode were 24.59%,53.10%, and 22.30%, respectively, which indicates the presence of abundant ultrafine particles in Hefei. Forty-six NPF events occurred during the obser...     

长江口及其邻近海域表层沉积物分布特征

根据长江口和杭州湾北部沉积物粒度分析数据，研究表层沉积物类型、分布以及分区特征。结果表明：沉积物的分布特征受水动力条件、地貌类型以及泥沙来源等因素的综合影响，长江口表层沉积物在纵向分布上，自西向东粒径从粗到细、分选程度从好至差，在横向上自北港－北槽－南槽，沉积物粒度逐渐变细；水流动力作用强的河槽和波浪作用强的口门浅滩沉积物粒度较粗，水动力较弱的河口边滩及口外海滨区沉积物则较细。根据沉积物分布特征可将长江口及其邻近海域分为河口分汊河段沉积区、河口拦门沙沉积区、口外海滨沉积区和杭州湾北部沉积区等4个沉积区。     

Reaction zone structures and propagation mechanisms of flames in stearic acid particle clouds

Reaction zone structures and propagation mechanisms of two representative flames established in stearic acid (CH₃(CH₂)₁₆CO₂H) particle clouds have been investigated. The reacting zone structure was examined by using a micro-electrostatic probe and a high-speed schlieren system. A distinct difference was observed in the ion current fluctuations recorded across the two representative flames propagating through the clouds of the same total mass density of particles and different mass densities of the particles smaller than 60 μm in diameter. When the mass density of smaller particles was high, a single peak was recorded in the ion current fluctuation. On the other hand, when the mass density of smaller particles was low, multi-peaks of various heights and widths were recorded. In the former case, the single peak was considered to be attributable to a unitary and a relatively thin flame started burning in vapor generated by the evaporation of smaller particles in the preheat zone. The flame propagation mechanism in this case was inferred to be similar to that of a usual hydrocarbon–air premixed flame, although the reaction zone thickness is much larger than that of the premixed flame. In the latter case, the multi peaks of various shapes were considered to be attributable to strong combustion at blue spots far behind the schlieren front. The flame propagation in this case was inferred to be supported by the heat release due to combustion at the blue spots.     

Coal dust particle size survey of US mines

The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) conducted a joint survey to determine the range of coal particle sizes found in dust samples collected from intake airways of US coal mines. The last comprehensive survey of this type was performed in the 1920s. The size of the coal dust is relevant to the amount of rock dust required to inert the coal dust, with more rock dust needed to inert finer sizes of coal dust.

Dust samples were collected by MSHA inspectors from several mines in each of MSHA's 10 bituminous Coal Mine Safety and Health Districts. Samples were normally collected in several intakes at each mine. The laboratory analysis procedures included acid leaching of the sample to remove the limestone rock dust, sonic sieving to determine the dust size, and low-temperature ashing of the sieved fractions to correct for any remaining incombustible matter. The results indicate that particle sizes of mine coal dust in intake airways are finer than those measured in the 1920s. This finer size coal dust in intake airways would require more incombustible matter to be effectively inerted than the 65% incombustible specified in current regulations.