Fine particulate matter (PM2.5/PM1.0) in Beijing, China: Variations and chemical compositions as well as sources

Particulate matter (i.e., PM_1.0 and PM_2.5), considered as the key atmospheric pollutants, exerts negative effects on visibility, global climate, and human health by associated chemical compositions. However, our understanding of PM and its chemical compositions in Beijing under the current atmospheric environment is still not complete after witnessing marked alleviation during 2013–2017. Continuous measurements can be crucial for further air quality improvement by better characterizing PM pollution and chemical compositions in Beijing. Here, we conducted simultaneous measurements on PM in Beijing during 2018–2019. Results indicate that annual mean PM_1.0 and PM_2.5 concentrations were 35.49 ± 18.61 µg/m³ and 66.58 ± 60.17 µg/m³, showing a positive response to emission controls. The contribution of sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium (SNA) played an enhanced role with elevated PM loading and acted as the main contributors to pollution episodes. Discrepancies observed among chemical species between PM_1.0 and PM_2.5 in spring suggest that sand particles trend to accumulate in the range of 1–2.5 µm. Pollution episodes occurred accompanied with southerly clusters and high formation of SNA by heterogeneous reactions in summer and winter, respectively. Results from positive matrix factorization (PMF) combined with potential source contribution function (PSCF) models showed that potential areas were seasonal dependent, secondary and vehicular sources became much more important compared with previous studies in Beijing. Our study presented a continuous investigation on PM and sources origins in Beijing, which provides a better understanding for further emission control as well as a reference for other cities in developing countries.     

Porous media grain size distribution and hydrodynamic forces effects on transport and deposition of suspended particles

The effects of porous media grain size distribution on the transport and deposition of polydisperse suspended particles under different flow velocities were investigated. Selected Kaolinite particles(2–30 μm) and Fluorescein(dissolved tracer) were injected in the porous media by step input injection technique. Three sands filled columns were used: Fine sand,Coarse sand, and a third sand(Mixture) obtained by mixing the two last sands in equal weight proportion. The porous media performance on the particle removal was evaluated by analysing particles breakthrough curves, hydro-dispersive parameters determined using the analytical solution of convection–dispersion equation with a first order deposition kinetics, particles deposition profiles, and particle-size distribution of the recovered and the deposited particles. The deposition kinetics and the longitudinal hydrodynamic dispersion coefficients are controlled by the porous media grain size distribution. Mixture sand is more dispersive than Fine and Coarse sands. More the uniformity coefficient of the porous medium is large, higher is the filtration efficiency. At low velocities, porous media capture all sizes of suspended particles injected with larger ones mainly captured at the entrance.A high flow velocity carries the particles deeper into the porous media, producing more gradual changes in the deposition profile. The median diameter of the deposited particles at different depth increases with flow velocity. The large grain size distribution leads to build narrow pores enhancing the deposition of the particles by straining.     

固体颗粒沉积对7B04 铝合金初期大气腐蚀行为的影响

目的研究Na Cl,C,Si O2三种固体颗粒对7B04铝合金初期大气腐蚀行为的影响。方法通过对三种固体颗粒沉积试样进行户内暴露试验,结合质量增量测试、腐蚀形貌观察、微区电化学测试等手段研究7B04铝合金在不同固体颗粒沉积下的初期腐蚀行为。结果经过不同周期暴露试验后,Na Cl与Si O2颗粒沉积7B04铝合金在腐蚀初期即有点蚀萌生,且腐蚀质量增量随暴露时间呈上升趋势;C颗粒沉积7B04铝合金在暴露后期出现少量点蚀,无明显腐蚀质量增量。三种颗粒沉积后7B04铝合金表面电位呈不均匀分布,并随暴露时间的增加,电位分布发生了变化。结论在25℃,RH为95%条件下,Na Cl与Si O2颗粒沉积均可诱发7B04铝合金的大气腐蚀,而C颗粒沉积则无诱发作用。     

燃煤细颗粒物对血管内皮细胞EA.hy926的细胞毒性

以银川散煤为样品煤,在实验室采用固定源稀释通道采集燃煤PM2.5,超声波水浴提取燃煤PM2.5全颗粒悬液,对人脐静脉内皮细胞EA.hy926进行染毒,并采用MTS法检测燃煤PM2.5在不同染毒时间对EA.hy926细胞增殖的影响.结果表明,燃煤PM2.5悬液对EA.hy926细胞分别染毒6,12,24h均可抑制细胞增殖,且12,24h各剂量组和溶剂对照相比具有统计学意义;在相同染毒剂量组内,和6,12h相比,染毒24h对细胞存活率抑制更加明显,其差异具有统计学意义.可见,燃煤PM2.5可以抑制血管内皮细胞增殖且具有时间和剂量依赖性,血管内皮损伤是PM2.5致心血管毒性的可能机制之一.     

大气颗粒物对A549和HUVECs细胞的毒性作用

比较了A549和HUVECs 2种细胞对颗粒物的敏感度,以探讨大气颗粒物粒径对生物活性的影响. 采集北京市区PM_10～2.5、PM_2.5～0.1和PM_0.1,将A549和HUVECs细胞暴露于不同浓度的颗粒物悬浮液24 h后,用噻唑蓝(MTT)法测定细胞存活率,并用LDH试剂盒测定细胞培养液中LDH(乳酸脱氢酶)的含量. 结果表明:随着染毒剂量的增大,细胞存活率逐渐降低,并且呈剂量-反应关系;培养液中LDH浓度呈剂量依赖型增加;当染毒剂量>200 μg/mL时,PM_0.1的细胞致死率大于PM_10～2.5和PM_2.5～0.1(P<0.01);同一粒径的颗粒物对HUVECs的毒性比A549略大,但无统计意义. 因此,相对于粗颗粒物,细、超细颗粒物具有较大的细胞毒性,A549和HUVECs细胞对颗粒物的敏感度差异不显著.      

Particle size distribution and removal in the chemical-biological flocculation process

The particle characterization from the influent and effluent of a chemical-biological flocculation (CBF) process was studied with a laser diffraction device. Water samples from a chemically enhanced primary treatment (CEPT) process and a primary sediment tank process were also analyzed for comparison. The results showed that CBF process was not only effective for both the big size particles and small size particles removal, but also the best particle removal process in the three processes. The results also indicated that CBF process was superior to CEPT process in the heavy metals removal. The high and non-selective removal for heavy metals might be closely related to its strong ability to eliminate small particles. Samples from different locations in CBF reactors showed that small particles were easier to aggregate into big ones and those disrupted flocs could properly flocculate again along CBF reactor because of the biological flocculation.     

粘土颗粒吸附直接染料的分形特征

粘土颗粒对直接耐晒黑和直接大红染料的吸附均可分为快速的边缘覆盖和慢速的晶层吸附2个过程,整个吸附过程符合准-二级反应动力学方程式,除了伊利土-直接耐晒黑染料的吸附体系之外,其它体系的吸附过程中以晶层吸附为主的阶段均具有类分形特征.体系的非线性吸附等温线符合Langmuir型吸附等温模式,并且除了蒙脱土吸附直接大红染料之外,也可以用分形Langmuir吸附等温模式获得较好的模拟效果.在不同原始浓度下直接大红染料在粘土颗粒表面发生的边缘覆盖和晶层吸附这2个过程的程度是不同的,从而导致了吸附等温线在原始染料为150mg·L-1时出现最大的吸附量,而且颗粒边缘覆盖的直接大红染料的比例较高.染料进入粘土颗粒的晶层后,扩大了晶层间距,改变了其表面微孔几何结构.颗粒表面棱角变得光滑,结构疏松,片层结构逐渐减少,上述效果在蒙脱土颗粒上或直接耐晒黑染料吸附时表现地更为显著.而且吸附染料后蒙脱土颗粒对N2的吸附量比伊利土下降的幅度小,其比表面积、孔体积和平均孔径的下降比例也比伊利土小,其中平均孔径的差异比较明显.吸附染料之后粘土颗粒表面分形维数Ds均升高了,晶层膨胀和开孔作用抵消了"表面粗糙度屏蔽"、"孔阻塞效应"机理降低Ds的影响.增加了表面粗糙度.     

亚稳平衡态吸附(MEA)理论——传统吸附热力学理论面临的挑战与发展

传统吸附热力学是建立在吸附密度（吸附量，mol/m^2)为热力学状态函数的基础之上的。MEA理论指出，实际反应的吸附密度具有非状态函数的本质，在这个新的基础之上推导所得的MEA不等式指出；传统定义的吸附反应平衡常数具有热力学非常数性，它从根本上受反应过程（如可逆性，动力学）的影响，因此无法用来准确描述实际反应的平衡特征。只有建立可以描述亚稳平衡态吸附的理论体系，才有可能准确表征实际吸附反应的平衡限度，本文综述了MEA理论的宏观热力学原理以及应用该理论解决实际环境科学问题的3个范例。一是用MEA理论解释了国际上界面吸附领域中长期悬而未解的“固体浓度效应”问题，二是用MEA理论发现了环境生物地球化学中磷循环所遵循的一个基本原理和规律。三是用MEA原理改造地球化学与土壤化学中常用的固液分配系数（Kd)的定义（即重新定义Kd)。这3个范例分别代表了由MEA概念所引发的新的研究方向，最后介绍了从分子水平实验验证和发展MEA理论的最新结果以及用XAFS（X光精细结构吸收光谱）所发现的金属离子在水合金属氧化物表面上吸附的微观机制，这一发现可以统一解释金属离子在水合金属氧化物表面上静电吸附。离子交换吸附，非离子交换吸附，外层表面络合物，内层表面络合物，表面沉淀等作用力的本质以及这些作用之间的过渡与联系。     

组合式空气过滤器性能试验研究

针对集中式空调系统使用的空气过滤器普遍存在过滤效率低、阻力高的问题。通过试验,对比研究了单体涤纶粗效G4过滤器、驻极体袋式空气过滤器(300,450,600 mm袋深)及两者组合的过滤器的性能。结果表明:对于驻极体袋式空气过滤器,过滤效率随风量增加呈现逐渐减小的趋势,但在低风量范围存在效率较低的点;对于袋式空气过滤器在袋数相同的情况下,阻力随袋深增加逐渐减小,当减小至某一值时阻力会随袋深增加增大,即存在最优袋深,为450~600 mm。对于组合式空气过滤器,其阻力小于相同风量下相应单体空气过滤器阻力值的计算和,在测试风量下,其计数效率大于等于95%;单位面积容尘量是相应风量下单体空气过滤器计算和的1.7~8.5倍。     

泉州湾悬浮颗粒物中重金属的分布特征及其影响因素

(1.国家海洋局第三海洋研究所,厦门361005;2.中国海洋大学海底科学与探测技术教育部重点实验室,青岛266100)摘要:利用等离子质谱仪(ICP-MS)对泉州湾6个13h连续站悬浮颗粒物及2个13h连续站(Q2和Q4站)表层沉积物中Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Pb和Cd等元素的含量进行测试,悬浮颗粒物中其平均含量分别在1.610～0.359、0.730～0.150、2.249～0.319、6.421～1.266、0.131～0.027、4.176～1.101μg/L和17.526～2.260ng/L之间,从内湾向外湾逐渐降低;表层沉积物中其平均含量分别在65.3～82.6、37.8～39.8、37.4～51.4、121.0～172.8、3.3～3.4、42.2～76.9和0.217～0.493μg/g之间,Q2站含量一般高于Q4站的.综合分析1个潮周期内重金属含量及其分布特征发现:河口及其附近海域悬浮颗粒物中重金属含量变化相对较大,其分布特征与潮汐及河口过程相关;外湾的含量变化相对较小,其变化受局地表层沉积物再悬浮的影响要大于潮汐影响下的河流输入影响;表层沉积物中重金属的含量变化与悬浮颗粒物中的可以相对应,指示了两者之间的交换.本研究结果为全面了解泉州湾重金属的分布、运移和交换提供了重要参考.