锌金属硫蛋白对PM2.5暴露的运动大鼠血清抗氧化酶及免疫指标的影响

为了探讨锌-金属硫蛋白(Zn-Metallothionein,Zn-MT)对细颗粒污染运动大鼠血清抗氧化酶及免疫指标的影响.选取雄性SD大鼠56只,随机分为安静对照组、运动对照组、Zn-MT+运动组、低剂量PM2.5+运动组、Zn-MT+低剂量PM2.5+运动组、高剂量PM2.5+运动组、Zn-MT+高剂量PM2.5+运动组,采用递增负荷跑台训练后即刻处死,取血测定大鼠血清CAT、T-SOD、GSH、GSH-Px、白细胞介素IL-2、IL-6、IL-8、MCP-1、MCP-R1α、并进行有关统计学检验.结果表明,与安静组相比,运动组抗氧化酶下降,白细胞介素及免疫因子升高;与运动对照组相比,PM2.5染毒组大鼠血清SOD、GSH、GSH-Px活性下降且有剂量相同趋势变化;IL-2、IL-6、IL-8、MCP-1、MIP-1α显著性上升;补充Zn-MT后,血清抗氧化酶呈回升趋势;IL-2、IL-6、IL-8、MCP-1、MIP-1α有所下降.补充Zn-MT在一定程度上可以减轻由于运动产生自由基而对机体造成氧化应激损伤,保护机体的免疫系统,增强机体的运动能力.     

冲缝筛管结垢速率模拟研究*

为对防砂过程中因地层物性影响而导致冲缝筛管出现结垢问题进行准确的过程分析,基于FLUENT平台利用现场数据建立流道中的化学反应和沉积结垢的数值模型,评估管道缝宽、环境压力、温度、离子浓度与流速对冲缝筛管结垢速率的影响规律。结果表明:筛管结垢速率与管内温度和离子浓度成正相关,与管内流体流速成负相关,但环境压力影响不大,同时结垢主要产生在冲缝台阶以及冲缝套与打孔基管的接触面上,对产液的过流面积存在较大影响;结合正交分析得到4个敏感因素的主次顺序为:管内温度、管内流速、反应物浓度、环境压力,并确定最小结垢的组合方案;通过DPM模型探究CaCO3颗粒的沉积规律,得到管内的沉积情况,并建立多因素垢层厚度的计算模型。在实际生产中为降低筛管结垢对油井产能的影响,可以通过降低管内的温度、离子浓度及适当地增大流速来抑制结垢过程的发生。     

南京冬夏硫酸盐和硝酸盐对黑碳混合态的影响

采用单颗粒黑碳光度计（SP2）结合MARGA在线分析仪对南京地区冬季和夏季黑碳（BC）的质量浓度,以及硫酸盐,硝酸盐对其混合状态的影响进行了研究.结果表明,冬季和夏季南京地区BC质量浓度分别在1.01~14.5μg/m³和0.20~3.81μg/m³之间,均值分别为（4.39±2.66）μg/m³和（1.67±0.76）μg/m³,均呈现早晚高值的双峰型日变化特征.运用相对包裹层厚度D_p/D_c表示BC混合状态,冬季和夏季D_p/D_c分别在1.39~2.34和1.03~1.45之间,均值分别（1.81±0.21）和（1.24±0.08）,D_p/D_c日变化特征与BC相反,冬季D_p/D_c日变化幅度较大.冬季D_p/D_c与SO₄^2-和NO₃^-的相关性较好,D_p/D_c与NO₃^-的相关性高于其与SO₄^2-的相关性,夏季则相反.冬季清洁时期BC以本地源排放为主,其混合状态受硫酸盐和硝酸盐影响较高,冬季重污染时期,受排放源以及区域传输的影响,D_p/D_c与SO₄^2-和NO₃^-的相关性较低.     

TOF–SIMS surface analysis of chemical components of size–fractioned urban aerosols in a typical heavy air pollution event in Beijing

Size–fractioned atmospheric aerosol particles were collected during a typical heavy air pollution event in Beijing. The organic and inorganic components on the surfaces of the samples were analyzed using time–of–flight secondary ion mass spectrometry(TOF–SIMS).The variation characteristics of the surface chemical composition and influencing factors were studied, and the possible sources of these chemical compositions were identified through principal component analysis. The results showed that inorganic components such as crustal elements and sulfate, and organic components such as aliphatic hydrocarbons and oxygen–containing organic groups were present. Some surface components, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, heavy metals and fluorides may exert adverse effects on human health. The species and relative percentages of the chemical components varied with particle size, diurnal and pollution progress. During a heavy pollution event, the species and relative percentages of secondary components such as oxygen–containing organic groups and sulfurous compounds increased, indicating that particles aged during this event. The surface chemical composition of the aerosol particles was affected mainly by emissions from coal combustion and motor vehicles. In addition, air pollution, meteorological factors, and air mass transport also exerted a significant effect on the surface chemical composition of aerosol particles.     

Chemical characterization of fine and ultrafine PM, direct and indirect genotoxicity of PM and their organic extracts on pulmonary cells

Particulate matter in ambient air constitutes a complex mixture of fine and ultrafine particles composed of various chemical compounds including metals, ions, and organics. A multidisciplinary approach was developed by studying physico-chemical characteristics and mechanisms involved in the toxicity of particulate atmospheric pollution. PM_(0.3–2.5) and PM_(2.5) including ultrafine particles were sampled in Dunkerque, a French industrialized seaside city. PM samples were characterized from a chemical and toxicological point of view. Physicochemical characterization evidenced that PM_(2.5) comes from several sources: natural ones, such as soil resuspension and marine sea-salt emissions, as well as anthropogenic ones, such as shipping traffic, road traffic, and industrial activities. Human BEAS-2 B lung cells were exposed to PM_(0.3–2.5), or to the Extractable Organic Matter(EOM) of PM_(0.3–2.5) and PM_(2.5). These exposures induced several mechanisms of action implied in the genotoxicity, such as oxidative DNA adducts and DNA Damage Response. The toxicity of PM-EOM was higher for the sample including the ultrafine fraction(PM_(2.5)) containing also higher concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. These results evidenced the major role of organic compounds in the toxicity of PM.     

黄河兰州段水环境中多环芳烃污染初步研究

2004年11月对黄河兰州段11个采样点的水样、悬浮颗粒物和表层沉积物中的多环芳烃(PAHs)污染作了初步研究。调查结果显示,在此河段中,16种优先控制的PAHs均有检出,总PAHs浓度范围分别为水中,2920~6680ng/L;表层沉积物中,960~2940ng/g(干重);悬浮物中,4145~29090ng/g(干重);其中含量较高的是和芘,且分子量较小的PAHs所占的比例较大。来源分析结果显示,黄河兰州段水环境中PAHs的来源是燃烧源和石油源混合的结果,为混合输入型。用生物学阈值对表层沉积物质量进行评价,黄河兰州段表层沉积物的PAHs污染不算严重,偶尔会产生负面生态效应。     

核-壳型纳米双金属微粒的研究进展

纳米材料以其独特的性质，在光学、化工、环保、陶瓷、生物和医药等诸多方面具有广泛的应用价值。而纳米金属材料的表面包覆和修饰是21世纪纳米材料科学的一个新的研究方向。文中比较系统地综述了核-壳型纳米双金属微粒制备方法的研究进展，包括还原化学镀法、共沉淀法等，简要分析了各类制备方法的基本原理、特点及适用的范围，并在此基础上讨论了核-壳型纳米双金属粉末的未来研究发展方向。     

Agglomeration rate and action forces between atomized particles of agglomerator and inhaled-particles from coal combustion

In order to remove efficiently haled-particles emissions from coal combustions, a new way was used to put forward the process of agglomeration and the atomization was produced by the nozzle and then sprayed into the flue before precipitation devices of power station boiler in order to make inhaled-particles agglomerate into bigger particles, which can be easily removed but not change existing running conditions of boiler. According to this idea, a model is set up to study agglomeration rate and effect forces between fly ash inhaledparticles and atomized agglomerator particles. The developed agglomeration rate was expressed by relative particle number decreasing speed per unit volume. The result showed that viscosity force and flow resistance force give main influences on agglomeration effect of inhaledparticles, while springiness force and gravity have little effect on agglomeration effect of theirs. Factors influencing the agglomeration rate and effect forces are studied, including agglomerator concentration, agglomerator flux and agglomerator density, atomized-particles diameters and inhaled-particles diameter and so on.     

黄河水中氨基酸对铅(Ⅱ)与悬浮粒子相互作用的影响

研究了五种氨基酸对黄河水中铅 ( )与悬浮粒子相互作用的离子交换率 E( % )— p H关系曲线的影响 ,结果表明 :( 1)水体中五种氨基酸浓度分别为 2μmol· L- 1 时提高 E( % )的顺序是 :组氨酸 >脯氨酸 >丙氨酸 >天门冬氨酸 >赖氨酸 ;( 2 )与未加有机物相比“S型曲线”左移 0 .4～ 1.3个 p H单位 ,Δ p H左移值顺序为 :组氨酸 >天门冬氨酸 >丙氨酸 >赖氨酸 >脯氨酸 ;( 3 )随着脯氨酸、丙氨酸、天门冬氨酸和胱氨酸浓度增加 ,离子交换率提高。