基于社会网络分析法的液化石油气灌装站安全评价

为客观反映液化石油气灌(LPG)装站整体安全生产状况,用社会网络分析法研究灌装站安全评价标准。基于某市区域内100家LPG灌装站安全评价现场检查数据,借助UCINET软件对安全评价指标进行结点中心度、接近中心度和间距中心度分析,探究安全评价指标的重要度、紧密度以及控制、影响其他评价指标的程度,确定14项中心度较高的核心评价指标及其对应的灌装站的潜在安全隐患,并与实际统计数据进行了对比。结果表明,该方法分析结果与灌装站实际情况相符。     

某油田海上油藏开发项目职业病危害预评价

对某油田海上油藏开发项目生产过程中可能存在的职业病危害因素进行识别、分析和评价,结果表明,该项目生产过程中产生的化学有害因素和物理因素检测结果均符合国家职业接触限值,在选址与总体布局、生产工艺及设备布局等方面基本符合卫生要求,在职业病防护设施、职业卫生专项经费、职业卫生管理等方面还不够完善,提出了补充措施和建议。     

HSE管理体系在中海油深圳分公司的应用研究

中海油深圳分公司,是中国海洋石油上游的重要组成部分,也是国内最早建立完善HSE管理体系的企业之一.在HSE管理体系建设方面,体系框架包括了核心理念、HSE管理政策、HSE管理目标、相关体系文件、管理程序、应急计划及HSE管理的保障机制等构成部分.文章运用SWOT分析等多种手段对中海油深圳分公司HSE管理的现状进行了分析,总结了公司在HSE管理执行过程中的先进方法并阐述了积极作用和意义.     

油田区土壤石油烃组分残留特性研究

为了揭示石油开采区土壤石油烃组成及残留特性,探讨石油污染物的来源与风化程度,采集了胜利油田孤岛和河口采油区共5口油井周边土壤样品及原油样品,利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)分析原油及土壤样品中的链烷烃(正烷烃+姥鲛烷+植烷)及多环芳烃(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs)共51种石油烃单体的含量.结果表明,与原油相比,油田区土壤总提取物中链烷烃与PAHs所占的比例明显偏低;土壤石油烃的组分构成与原油相比,链烷烃中碳数小于12的正烷烃比例明显降低,而高碳数正烷烃比例增加.选择正十八烷/植烷作为指示土壤风化程度的标志,利用主成分分析(principal component analysis,PCA)法分析其与土壤中各石油烃组分的关系,结果显示碳数大于33的正烷烃与中环芳香烃具有高残留性.利用主成分分析综合分析用于土壤石油烃来源识别的4个指标,结果表明,土壤中的石油烃具有明显的原油"指纹".研究结果为油田土壤污染特性的认识提供了依据与基础.     

Characteristics of ozone and ozone precursors (VOCs and NOx) around a petroleum refinery in Beijing, China

A field measurement campaign for ozone and ozone precursors(VOCs and NOx) was conducted in summer 2011 around a petroleum refinery in the Beijing rural region. Three observation sites were arranged, one at southwest of the refinery as the background, and two at northeast of the refinery as the downwind receptors. Monitoring data revealed the presence of serious surface O3 pollution with the characteristics of high average daily mean and maximum concentrations(64.0 and 145.4 ppbV in no-rain days, respectively) and multi-peak diurnal variation. For NOx, the average hourly concentrations of NO2 and NO were in the range of 20.5–46.1 and 1.8–6.4 ppbV, respectively. For VOC measurement, a total of 51 compounds were detected. Normally, TVOCs at the background site was only dozens of ppbC, while TVOCs at the downwind sites reached several hundreds of ppbC. By subtracting the VOC concentrations at background, chemical profiles of VOC emission from the refinery were obtained, mainly including alkanes(60.0% ± 4.3%), alkenes(21.1% ± 5.5%) and aromatics(18.9% ± 3.9%). Moreover, some differences in chemical profiles for the same measurement hours were observed between the downwind sites; the volume ratios of alkanes with low reactivity and those of alkenes with high reactivity respectively showed an increasing trend and a decreasing trend. Finally, based on temporal and spatial variations of VOC mixing ratios, their photochemical degradations and dispersion degradations were estimated to be 0.15–0.27 and 0.42–0.62, respectively, by the photochemical age calculation method, indicating stronger photochemical reactions around the refinery.     

石油安全指标体系与综合评价

为科学评价我国石油安全的程度,从国内资源禀赋、国内生产能力、国际市场可得性和国家应急保障能力等4个方面,设计了石油安全评价指标体系。采用德尔菲法、主成分分析法,选取储采比、储量替代率、石油消费对外依存度、石油进口集中度、国际原油价格和国内石油储备水平等6个个指标,构成一个新的综合指标:石油安全度,用其对我国石油安全形势进行定量评价。将石油安全度的安全警戒划分为五级:I级1～0.8,基本安全;II级0.8～0.6,弱安全;III级0.6～0.4,不安全;Ⅳ级0.4～0.2,很不安全;V级0.2以下,严重不安全。1993-2004年,我国石油安全度为0.54～0.75,处于弱安全到不安全之间。     

液化石油气罐区危险性的定量评价

液化石油气罐区的主要危险是贮罐区发生火灾、爆炸事故。运用数学模型对液化石油气贮罐的危险性进行定量化评价，估算其爆炸事故的严重程度、波及范围、影响程度等     

石油污染法和地面油罐的法规

译文叙述了地面和地下储油罐对环境影响的差异、美国环保局（EPA）对此的有关规定、石油污染法、全国污染物排除控制系统（NPDES）等。最后介绍地面油罐法规具体内容。     

In situ bioremediation of an underground diesel fuel spill: A case history

In the winter months of 1983, approximately 1000 gallons of diesel fuel had flowed along an asphalt parking lot of a commercial establishment towards a surface drain near an open creek. Investigations led to the discovery of an underground storage tank leaking diesel fuel. Exploratory borings showed that contamination was near the surface horizon and the capillary zone of the water table. Hydrocarbon quantities ranged up to 1500 mg/kg of soil. The plume continued to move in an eastward direction toward the surface water of the creek. A laboratory study indicated relatively high numbers of hydrocarbon-oxidizing organisms relative to glucose-utilizing microorganisms in the unsaturated vadose zone. Bioreclamation was initiated in April 1984 by injecting nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) and hydrogen peroxide and terminated in October 1984 upon no detection (<1 mg/kg) of hydrocarbons. A verification boring within the vicinity of the contaminated plume confirmed that residual contamination had attained background levels. The monitoring program was terminated in January 1987.     

TOXIC EFFECTS OF PETROLEUM AND SHALE JP-4 AND JP-8 AVIATION FUELS ON FATHEAD MINNOWS1

ABSTRACT: Static 96-hour median lethal concentrations were determined for the water-soluble fraction (WSF) of both petroleum-derived and shale-derived avaiation fuels (JP-4 and JP-8) using fathead minnows. JP-8 was more toxic than JP-4 except for one shale JP-4 sample that was as toxic as the JP-8. Petroleum and shale JP-8 were similar in toxicity. The toxicity of shale JP-4 was less clear. Shale JP-4 from three vendor sources revealed differing toxicity values. One shale JP-4 sample was more toxic and one less toxic than its petroleum analogue, with the third being equally toxic. Toxicity of the fuels may be enhanced by compounds in the WSF that correspond to chemicals containing 10 or more carbon atoms.