快速测定饮用水中的石油类

使用F2000型红外光度测油仪，测定水质中的石油类，方法是采用一次定量萃取代替两次萃取定容，用直接流出比色代替无水硫酸钠过滤吸水后的比色，而不采用盐析的方法来快速测定饮用水中的石油类。方法的精密度和准确度均达到国家标准要求，减轻了工作强度，节省了时间和药品，适应快速测定的要求。     

石油类污染物在水环境中的归宿

石油类污染物在各种水环境中 ,由于水体的特点不同 ,其归宿也不同。通过对焉耆盆地石油开发区域内博斯腾湖、开都河及相邻湿地的研究 ,对石油类污染物在各水环境中扩散、挥发、溶解、分解、乳化、氧化、生物降解、沉降、吸附与吸收、分配与富集等进行了定量分析 ,为石油类污染的控制和清除提供了可靠依据     

石油企业环境保护与实现可持续发展的途径

针对环境问题对石油工业的影响,提出了石油工业发展必须建立环境保护工作体系的创新思维。通过技术创新和采用先进的管理方式,使石油企业的环境保护水平适应可持续发展的要求,为实现21世纪石油工业新的腾飞奠定基础。     

Uptake and Dupuration of Petroleum Hydrocarbons By the Backwater Clam,Meretrix Casta Chemnitz

Meretrix casta were experimentally exposed to water soluble fractions of refined and crude oil and their rate of accumulation of the petroleum hydrocarbons including total and individual aromatics viz., naphthalene, methylnaphthalene and dimethylnaphthalene, was studied. Subsequent transfer to clean waters in the laboratory and field resulted in depuration of the accumulated hydrocarbons from tissues. in general, the rate of discharge was found to be dependent on the concentration that the animals had been earlier exposed to and also the alkylation of aromatic hydrocarbons. Occasional increases were observed in the hydrocarbon values of clams which were placed in the field, compared to their laboratory counterparts, suggesting an intermittent source of petroleum hydrocarbon input into the environment. the influence on the rate of uptake, release and retention of hydrocarbons in the clams is discussed.     

海外石油工程项目社会安全管理反思——基于“1.28”中水电苏丹项目员工被劫持事件

发生在2012年1月28日的中水电集团苏丹项目29名中方员工被劫持事件,极大地牵动了国人的心弦,其影响范围之广,关注度之高前所未有。与之相比,中国石油集团公司海外项目所在国家有20多个属于较高风险国家,在这些国家的石油项目同样面临着诸如社区滋扰、绑架劫持、武装袭击、战争等巨大安保风险。如何有效保障海外石油工程项目中方员工人身和资产安全,不得不再次引起我们的思考。本文通过对"1.28"事件这一典型非传统领域社会安全事件的分析,结合海外社会安全管理特点,提出了加强海外石油工程项目社会安全管理的几点思考,以供参考。     

Environmental management in resource-rich Alberta, Canada: first world jurisdiction, Third World analogue?

Economic growth is frequently touted as a cure for environmental ills, particularly for those in Third World countries. Here we examine that paradigm in a case study of Alberta, Canada, a wealthy, resource-rich province within a wealthy nation. Through provincial-scale datasets, we examine the increasing pressures of the forest, petroleum, and agricultural industries upon the ecosystems of Alberta within management, economic, and political contexts. We advance the thesis that economic activity leads to environmental degradation unless ecosystem-based management is integrated into economic decision making. Agricultural lands cover 31.7%, and forest management areas leased to industry cover 33.4% of Alberta; both continue to increase in extent. The rate of logging (focused on old-growth by government policy) continues a decades-long exponential rise. Current Alberta annual petroleum production is 52.5 million m3 crude oil and 117 billion m3 of gas. As of early 1999, there were approximately 199,025 oil and gas wells and a conservative total of approximately 1.5-1.8 million km of seismic lines in Alberta. Fire occurrence data indicate no downward trends in annual area burned by wildfire, which may be characterized as driven by climate and inherently variable. When logging and wildfire are combined, the annual allowable cut in Alberta is unsustainable, even when only timber supply is considered and the effects of expanding agriculture and oil and gas activities are ignored. Ecosystem degradation in Alberta is pervasive and contrasts prominently with a high standard of living. A wealth of ecological data exists that indicates current resource-based economic activities are non-sustainable and destructive of ecosystem health yet these data are not considered within the economic decision making process. Given the complex, compounded, and increasing ecosystem perturbations, a future of unpleasant ecological surprises is likely. We conclude with tentative predictions as to where current trends in Alberta may lead if decisions biased against ecosystems continue.     

液化石油气钢瓶长径比研究

分析钢瓶的长度和直径之比(长径比)对容积变形率的影响,在材料相同的条件下,长径比大的气瓶的容积变形率的要求也相应提高。笔者分别从钢瓶的边界效应、冲压工艺、制造经济性3个方面探讨了液化石油气钢瓶的合适长径比,并综合提出了液化石油气钢瓶的长径比的适宜范围为0.8～1.6。     

莫莫格湿地油田开采区土壤石油烃污染及对土壤性质的影响

为研究莫莫格湿地油田开采区土壤石油烃污染及对土壤的影响,分别在油田开采区不同开采年限的油井周围和自然湿地对照区采集土壤样品,测定了土壤总石油烃、总有机碳、总氮、总磷、pH值和电导率.结果表明,所有油田开采区油井周围土壤中总石油烃含量显著高于对照区(p<0.05),开采5、10和20 a的油井周围土壤总石油烃含量分别是对照区土壤的30、60和111倍.土壤石油污染在莫莫格湿地油田开采区普通存在.开采10 a以上的中长期油井周围土壤是石油烃污染的主要区域,其平均含量在16 885~31 230 mg.kg-1之间.土壤总有机碳与总石油烃呈显著正相关(r=0.88,p<0.05),土壤中残留的石油烃导致了土壤总氮和总磷下降,下降最大值分别为33%和28%.土壤石油烃污染显著增加了碳氮比、碳磷比和pH值(p<0.05),这种趋势随着油井开采时间增加而增大.土壤石油污染也引起电导率的增加,但是影响并不显著(p>0.05).土壤石油烃污染在很大程度上改变了土壤的性质,对土壤质量产生了负面影响.     

麦秸强化石油烃污染耕地水浸洗盐过程及场地试验

针对油田产出水导致的含油盐污染耕地的生物强化修复,提出在土壤耕作层和主体层间填埋麦秸以强化水浸洗盐和抑制毛细返盐.结果表明,土壤中石油烃的浓度高于1.5% (质量分数)时会导致其疏水性增高而使得水浸润困难.添加5% (质量分数) 麦秸可使含油3.3%(质量分数)的盐污染土壤脱盐率从3%提高到25%,并可抑制毛细返盐.在中原油田实施了6 400　m²的现场实验,在耕作层(距地表25　cm)构建麦秸层,采用井水以及雨水进行洗盐,50 d后耕作层土壤电导率达到正常耕地水平的面积比例由17%提高到80%,Na⁺和Cl^-浓度分别从1 642.5 mg·kg^-1和1 301.2 mg·kg^-1下降到499.3 mg·kg^-1和433.8 mg·kg^-1.修复地块的小麦产量达正常耕地的72%,而对比地块仅为12%.说明添加麦秸可强化油盐混合污染耕地的水浸洗盐并抑制“毛细返盐".该方法操作便捷易行,在油盐混合污染耕地修复中具有很好的应用前景.     

石油、天然气地下盐穴存储的安全性浅析

介绍了石油、天然气地下盐穴存储的特点,分析了石油、天然气地下盐穴存储的典型事故：井喷和泄漏事故,并提出应对措施。