官厅水库水体中微囊藻毒素及其与微囊藻细胞密度相关性研究

2004-2005年对连年发生比较严重水华的官厅水库进行了2 a的浮游植物动态监测,并在2005年6-8月应用酶联免疫吸附法检测了主要水华藻类--铜绿微囊藻藻毒素质量浓度及其季节变化,初步探讨了微囊藻毒素质量浓度与铜绿微囊藻细胞密度之间的关系.实验结果表明,水库中的浮游植物细胞密度高,2004年平均值为1 308.35×104 cells/L,2005年达1 599.49×104 cells/L,同时呈现出明显的季节变化,在夏末秋初形成高峰.产毒的铜绿微囊藻为夏季最主要的优势水华种类,其细胞密度在7月达到最高,为4 748.58×104 cells/L;微囊藻毒素的质量浓度在7月亦达到最高值,为20 μg/L,都显著高于6月和8月(p＜0.05).水体中微囊藻毒素质量浓度与微囊藻细胞密度呈正相关关系(R=0.926).其结果为全面了解官厅水库水质状况以及对水污染进行治理,恢复其饮用水源的功能提供了科学依据.     

湖泊富营养化控制理论与技术

从外部控制及内部控制二方面综述了湖泊富营养化的控制理论与技术,讨论了各项技术的优缺点及可行性,并提出了相应的发展方向。     

Response of Drinking-water Reservoir Ecosystems to Decreased Acidic Atmospheric Deposition in SE Germany: Signs of Biological Recovery

Strongly decreasing atmospheric emissions and acidic deposition during the 1990s have initiated chemical reversal from acidification in several drinking-water reservoirs of the Erzgebirge, SE Germany. We studied responses of phytoplankton, zooplankton and fish stocks in five reservoirs and at enclosure scale after experimental neutralization of 1,200 m³ of lake water. About 4 months after this treatment, diatoms and cryptomonads replaced the predominating chrysophytes and dinoflagellates. The colonization by acid-sensitive species of green algae, cryptomonads, rotifers and Cladocera (e.g. Bosmina longirostris) is explained by the occurrence of dormant stages or by survival of individuals in very low abundances. Analogous to the enclosure experiment, three reservoirs showed significantly (p < 0.01) falling trends of chlorophyll a and phytoplankton biovolume, mainly due to the decline of dinoflagellates. Picoplankton and diatoms increased slightly in two reservoirs. The zooplankton communities were dominated by rotifers and small Cladocera. Representatives of the genus Daphnia were lacking. Two reservoirs were re-colonized by zooplanktivorous fish populations of either perch (Perca fluviatilis) or sunbleak (Leucaspius delineatus). The latter exhibited extremely high fluctuating abundance and biomass and even suffered from a population crash. This natural mortality was caused by a limited food supply. Hence, severe top-down control may delay the recovery of larger zooplankton species like daphnids. Fishery management comprising the introduction of predatory fishes can help to control zooplanktivorous fish populations and to prevent their mass mortality.     

A PHOSPHORUS MANAGEMENT LP MODEL CASE STUDY1

ABSTRACT A linear programming model to assess the cost-effectiveness of appropriate point and nonpoint phosphorus control measures was constructed for Carnegie Lake, an eutrophic lake located in Mercer County, New Jersey. The resultant model was tested for present and future conditions. Feasible solutions were obtained only after significant relaxation of receiving water quality standards. The high levels of point source treatment required to meet the in-stream water quality standards and the mesotrophic loading conditions suggest that a source control solution may not be feasible.     

SENSITIVITY OF PHYTOPLANKTON SIMULATIONS TO VARIATIONS IN THE HALF SATURATION CONSTANTS1

ABSTRACT In many impoundment dynamic water quality models, the growth of two or more ecologic groups of phytoplankton may be simulated. These ecologic groups are differentiated by growth rates, temperature tolerances, settling rates, and the Michaelis-Menten half saturation constants for necessary nutrients. In this investigation, the effect of variations in the Michaelis-Menten half saturation constant for the limiting nutrient when two competing ecologic groups of algae are simulated is examined. In an idealized case, it is demonstrated that uncertainty in the half saturation constant for the limiting nutrient for one ecologic group of algae can significantly affect the simulation results and in some cases could lead to a poorly designed impoundment restoration program.     

韩国南汉河的浮游植物及营养水平

对韩国南汉河的浮游植物进行了周年的调查,结果显示,该河浮游植物的种类组成以绿藻为主,占总种类数的５１．４％,其次为硅藻和蓝藻,分别占总种类数的２６．７％和１２．４％,其它４门藻类共计仅发现１０种,占９．５％。细胞密度以蓝藻的贡献最大,占总细胞密度的３６％￣７０．７％,绿藻次之,硅藻居第三位。相反,蓝藻的生物量却远不及硅藻和绿藻,硅藻对总生物量的贡献最高时可达９３．７％。各站平均,浮游植物的细胞密度     

LAKE EUTROPHICATION–A NATURAL PROCESS1

Lake eutrophication is an economic, recreational, and aesthetic problem that affects every lake of the world. Eutrophication is the natural process of lake aging, and progresses irrespective of man's activities. Pollution, however, can hasten the natural rate of aging and shorten the life expectancy of a body of water. The eutrophication of a lake consists of the gradual progression from one life stage to another based on the degree of nourishment or productivity. The extinction of a lake is attributed to enrichment by nutritive materials, biological productivity, decay, and sedimentation. Presently used methods for retarding eutrophication are the abatement of cultural enrichment, treatment of eutrophic symptoms, and control of fundamental causes.     

LAKE QUALITY DISCRIMINANT ANALYSIS1

ABSTRACT: Despite the fact that lake phosphorus loading criteria have proven to be valuable tools in lake management, they are generally subjective in nature or incomplete in form. In order to address these shortcomings, the oxic-anoxic transition point was selected as an objective quality criterion and discriminant analysis was used to construct a lake classification function. This function is dependent upon lake phosphorus loading, mean depth, and overflow rate. The value of the function may be expressed as a probability of classification (as either oxic or anoxic). When used in prediction, inclusion of the input error permits the estimation of the change in classification probability as input uncertainty is reduced. Further, the form of the discriminant function suggests that the annual volumetric loading is a more informative term for the expression of phosphorus loading than is the annual areal loading.     

EFFECT OF FILTRATION PRESSURE ON ANALYSES FOR CHLOROPHYLL1

ABSTRACT: Nine samples, each with different kinds and numbers of algae, were filtered at five pressures from 5 to 75 pounds per square inch and the amounts of chlorophylls a and b were measured. Pressures in the range tested had no effect on the measured amounts.     

EFFICIENTLY REDUCING NONPOINT PHOSPHORUS LOADS TO LAKES AND RESERVOIRS1

ABSTRACT: Several problems that make it difficult to deal with water pollution from cropland are identified. The most immediate need is for a rational framework for determining where conservation programs can make an impact on eutrophication problems in reservoirs draining rural watersheds. This includes estimating the level of control that would be required for each local farm situation and the economic impacts for the planning area. A modeling approach is suggested for a planning area in Southeastern Pennsylvania.