Emergency management of reservoirs and water treatment plants in typhoon season: a case study of Ningbo

ABSTRACT

Coastal cities represented by Ningbo are directly or indirectly affected by typhoons each year. By analyzing the past three typical typhoons landing in Ningbo from 2013 to 2016, it was found that before and after the typhoon transit, reservoir and water treatment plant would be made by the destructive impact, including the increasing water level, water volume in a short time, and the deteriorating water quality. Among those, the water quality caused by typhoons increased the water treatment process load, the amount of water purification agents increased significantly, and the emergency response put a great pressure on the inventory of water plants. Based on the statistics and analysis of the basic parameters of the reservoir and water treatment plant during the typhoon season, the emergency management of the typhoon was divided into three situations, namely, pre-typhoon, typhoon period and post-typhoon. Thus, it is effective for the relevant practitioners of the reservoir and water plant to ensure the safe water supply during typhoon season.     

Viability of solar photovoltaics as an electricity generation source for Jordan

Viability of solar photovoltaics as an electricity generation source for Jordan was assessed utilising a proposed 5 MW grid‐connected solar photovoltaic power plant. Long‐term (1994–2003) monthly average daily global solar radiation and sunshine duration data for 24 locations – distributed all over the country – were studied and analysed to assess the distribution of radiation and sunshine duration over Jordan, and formed an input to the RetScreen Software for evaluation and analysis of the proposed plant's electricity production and economic feasibility. It was found that depending on the geographical location, the global solar radiation on horizontal surface varied between 1.51 and 2.46 MWh/m²/year with an overall mean value of 2.01 MWh/m²/year for Jordan. The sunshine duration was found to vary, according to the location, between 8.47 and 9.68 hours/day, with a mean value of 9.07 hours/day and about 3311 sunshine hours annually for Jordan. The annual electricity production of the proposed plant varied depending on the location between 6.886 and 11.919 GWh/year, with a mean value of 9.46 GWh/year. The specific yield varied between 340.9 and 196.9 kWh/m², while the mean value was 270.59 kWh/m². Analysis of the annual electricity production of the plant, the specific yield, besides the economic indicators, i.e. internal rate of return, simple payback period, years to positive cash flow, net present value, annual life cycle saving, benefit/cost ratio, and cost of energy – for all sites – showed that Tafila and Karak are the most suitable sites for the solar photovoltaic power plant's development and Wadi Yabis is the worst. The results also showed that an average of 7414.9 tons of greenhouse gases can be avoided annually utilising the proposed plant for electricity generation at any part of Jordan.     

燃煤电厂重金属排放与周边土壤中重金属污染特征及健康风险

为揭示燃煤电厂烟气中重金属排放对周边土壤环境的影响.以石家庄地区6座燃煤电厂为研究对象,测定了燃煤电厂烟囱入口烟气中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb、Hg和Ni这7种重金属元素,同时对电厂周边土壤中重金属含量进行了测试分析,并对其进行了源解析和健康风险评价.结果表明,各燃煤电厂烟气经过一系列烟气污染物控制措施净化后,烟气中不同重金属元素的排放量范围为0.11~6.32 mg ·（MW ·h）^-1,Cu、Cr和Ni是主要排放污染物.各电厂向大气环境中排放的7种重金属元素总量在33.56~275.71 kg ·a^-1之间.燃煤电厂周边表层土壤中Cr、Cu、Pb、Hg和Ni这5种重金属元素含量平均值均高于河北土壤背景值,且超出背景值1.16~2.32倍.电厂周边土壤中重金属含量与烟气中重金属排放量具有一定相关性.不同风向上土壤中重金属含量随距电厂距离的增大,呈现出先增大后逐渐减小趋势.源解析表明煤炭燃烧排放对电厂周边土壤重金属的贡献率最大,达到41.4%,其次为工业排放,占比为23.6%,交通运输排放占比为19.6%.总而言之,人为活动对土壤重金属富集起主导作用,约占84.6%.健康风险评估显示电厂周边土壤中重金属元素的健康风险整体处于可接受范围内.     

低分子有机酸强化植物修复重金属污染土壤的作用与机制

植物修复是利用植物的物理、化学作用去除污染土壤中重金属的技术方法,可以减少二次污染物的产生,具有经济可行性.低分子有机酸（LMWOAs）具有生物降解性和环境友好性,在重金属污染土壤植物修复中具有较强的应用潜力.综述了LMWOAs在植物修复中的作用机制,主要包括：①调控根茎叶发育,增加植物生物量,强化植物富集效果;②增强光合作用,提升植物抗性,提高对重金属的耐受能力;③改变根际土壤性质,提高根际微生物活性,促进对重金属的吸收;④改变重金属形态,减轻重金属毒性,提高转运效率.最后阐述了LMWOAs强化植物修复重金属污染土壤的优缺点及应用,提出了LMWOAs在重金属污染土壤植物修复中的研究方向,这对LMWOAs在未来植物修复中的研究和应用具有科学意义.     

基于PMF模型的垃圾焚烧厂周边农田土壤重金属源解析

为调查垃圾焚烧厂周边农田土壤重金属污染特征和来源,用电感耦合等离子体质谱法（ICP-MS）和原子荧光光谱法（AFS）分析了厦门市某垃圾焚烧厂周边农田表层土壤（0~20 cm）中V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Pb和Hg的含量,用Kriging插值法分析了上述元素的空间分布特征,用地累积指数法、内梅罗综合污染指数法、富集因子法和潜在生态风险指数法对重金属污染程度和生态风险进行了评价,运用聚类分析、主成分分析和PMF模型相结合的方法探究了重金属来源.结果表明,Cu、Zn、As、Cd和Hg的含量平均值分别是厦门土壤元素背景值的1.96、1.52、5.95、3.38和3.65倍.地累积指数结果表明,研究区以As污染为主,Hg和Cd污染次之;内梅罗综合污染指数结果表明,研究区重金属的综合污染程度为中度至重度污染;研究区表层土壤重金属富集程度较高,As、Hg、Cd和Cu有显著富集;研究区表层土壤重金属潜在生态风险较高,Hg和Cd是主要风险因子,As次之,高风险区主要位于研究区南部.研究区表层土壤重金属主要来源为垃圾焚烧、交通源、自然源和农业源的混合源以及燃煤源,贡献率分别为28.42%、27.22%、26.29%和18.07%.     

上海市城镇污水处理厂氨气排放定量研究

通过对上海市3家城镇污水处理厂主要污水处理工艺臭气收集处理装置进出口有组织排放和二沉池等敞开液面无组织排放氨采样,研究污水处理厂氨气排放特征,建立污水处理厂分季节本地化氨排放系数,并计算2019年上海市城镇污水厂氨排放量。结果表明:3家污水处理厂氨排放系数平均为4.8 mg/m³,其中污水处理环节氨排放系数为3.3 mg/m³,污泥处理环节氨排放系数为1.5 mg/m³。2019年上海市城镇污水处理厂氨排放量为10.3 t。     

植物促生菌在重金属生物修复中的作用机制及应用

重金属污染是导致生态和环境退化的主要因素之一.土壤重金属污染会降低土壤质量、农作物产量和品质,甚至威胁人类健康.因此,优化土壤重金属污染治理措施,对于农业高产优质可持续具有重要意义.诸多国内外学者在重金属污染植物修复方面开展了大量研究,但由于受土壤和气候环境条件的影响,其修复效率受到制约.微生物与植物的协同修复被认为是环境胁迫条件下提高重金属污染修复效率的一种有效手段.耐重金属的植物促生细菌（PGPB）不仅可以促进植物生长,提高对生物胁迫（如病原菌）和非生物胁迫（如干旱、高盐、极端温度和重金属等）的抗性,还可以改变土壤中重金属的生物利用度和毒性,从而提高植物对重金属的修复效率.系统地梳理了耐重金属的PGPB在促进植物生长,增强植物抗逆性和影响重金属生物利用度方面的作用机制,并进一步综述了近年来国内外关于PGPB在生态修复中的应用和研究进展.     

A new method for broad-scale modeling and projection of plant assemblages under climatic,biotic, and environmental cofiltering

There is increasing interestin broad-scale analysis, modeling, and prediction of the distribution and composition of plant species assemblages under climatic, environmental, and biotic change, particularly for conservation purposes. We devised a method to reliably predict the impact of climate change on large assemblages of plant communities, while also considering competing biotic and environmental factors. To this purpose, we first used multilabel algorithms in order to convert the task of explaining a large assemblage of plant communities into a classification framework able to capture with high cross-validated accuracy the pattern of species distributions under a composite set of biotic and abiotic factors. We applied our model to a large set of plant communities in the Swiss Alps. Our model explained presences and absences of 175 plant species in 608 plots with >87% cross-validated accuracy, predicted decreases in α, β, and γ diversity by 2040 under both moderate and extreme climate scenarios, and identified likely advantaged and disadvantaged plant species under climate change. Multilabel variable selection revealed the overriding importance of topography, soils, and temperature extremes (rather than averages) in determining the distribution of plant species in the study area and their response to climate change. Our method addressed a number of challenging research problems, such as scaling to large numbers of species, considering species relationships and rarity, and addressing an overwhelming proportion of absences in presence–absence matrices. By handling hundreds to thousands of plants and plots simultaneously over large areas, our method can inform broad-scale conservation of plant species under climate change because it allows species that require urgent conservation action (assisted migration, seed conservation, and ex situ conservation) to be detected and prioritized. Our method also increases the practicality of assisted colonization of plant species by helping to prevent ill-advised introduction of plant species with limited future survival probability.     

CFD技术及其在水处理研究中的应用

简要介绍了CFD技术的基本数值方法和几种著名的商业软件的特征,并例述了在水处理设备研究中的应用,指出CFD技术作为一种强有力的科研手段,应引起广大水处理研究工作者的足够重视。     

火电厂温排水对湿地生态系统的影响分析——以江苏射阳港电厂为例

在对电厂周围湿地生态系统进行多次现场调查的基础上,运用二维温度场和水动力场耦合求解的温排水模型预测电厂温排水的影响范围,结果是:电厂温排水将引起排放口附近海域最大影响面积为6.69 km2,最小为0.16 km2.分析发现,电厂温排水的温升对滩地植被、浮游生物、底栖动物、鱼类均不会造成明显的危害,相反在水温较低的季节,会提高海洋生物的丰度和生物多样性指数,并为保护区鸟类及其它物种提供丰富的饵料.但余氯对排放海域中的浮游生物有致命的威胁,对其他物种无明显影响,但存在一定的潜在影响.本文研究可以为电厂温排水的环境影响评价、温排水排放的有效管理及湿地生态系统的保护提供一些理论依据.