Trade‐offs and efficiencies in optimal budget‐constrained multispecies corridor networks

Conservation biologists recognize that a system of isolated protected areas will be necessary but insufficient to meet biodiversity objectives. Current approaches to connecting core conservation areas through corridors consider optimal corridor placement based on a single optimization goal: commonly, maximizing the movement for a target species across a network of protected areas. We show that designing corridors for single species based on purely ecological criteria leads to extremely expensive linkages that are suboptimal for multispecies connectivity objectives. Similarly, acquiring the least‐expensive linkages leads to ecologically poor solutions. We developed algorithms for optimizing corridors for multispecies use given a specific budget. We applied our approach in western Montana to demonstrate how the solutions may be used to evaluate trade‐offs in connectivity for 2 species with different habitat requirements, different core areas, and different conservation values under different budgets. We evaluated corridors that were optimal for each species individually and for both species jointly. Incorporating a budget constraint and jointly optimizing for both species resulted in corridors that were close to the individual species movement‐potential optima but with substantial cost savings. Our approach produced corridors that were within 14% and 11% of the best possible corridor connectivity for grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) and wolverines (Gulo gulo), respectively, and saved 75% of the cost. Similarly, joint optimization under a combined budget resulted in improved connectivity for both species relative to splitting the budget in 2 to optimize for each species individually. Our results demonstrate economies of scale and complementarities conservation planners can achieve by optimizing corridor designs for financial costs and for multiple species connectivity jointly. We believe that our approach will facilitate corridor conservation by reducing acquisition costs and by allowing derived corridors to more closely reflect conservation priorities.     

Using perceptions as evidence to improve conservation and environmental management

The conservation community is increasingly focusing on the monitoring and evaluation of management, governance, ecological, and social considerations as part of a broader move toward adaptive management and evidence‐based conservation. Evidence is any information that can be used to come to a conclusion and support a judgment or, in this case, to make decisions that will improve conservation policies, actions, and outcomes. Perceptions are one type of information that is often dismissed as anecdotal by those arguing for evidence‐based conservation. In this paper, I clarify the contributions of research on perceptions of conservation to improving adaptive and evidence‐based conservation. Studies of the perceptions of local people can provide important insights into observations, understandings and interpretations of the social impacts, and ecological outcomes of conservation; the legitimacy of conservation governance; and the social acceptability of environmental management. Perceptions of these factors contribute to positive or negative local evaluations of conservation initiatives. It is positive perceptions, not just objective scientific evidence of effectiveness, that ultimately ensure the support of local constituents thus enabling the long‐term success of conservation. Research on perceptions can inform courses of action to improve conservation and governance at scales ranging from individual initiatives to national and international policies. Better incorporation of evidence from across the social and natural sciences and integration of a plurality of methods into monitoring and evaluation will provide a more complete picture on which to base conservation decisions and environmental management.     

5种典型滨海养殖水体中多种类抗生素的残留特性

水产集约化养殖的迅速发展带来的抗生素环境问题已经受到各国学者的关注,尤其是环境残留抗生素对微生物耐药性的诱导和抗生素在食物中的残留,直接影响水生生态系统健康以及人类健康。应用固相萃取-高压液相色谱-串联质谱方法（SPE-LC-MS/MS）研究不同生物养殖水体（鱼塘、螃蟹池、蛏池、虾池、鸭池）中残留抗生素类型和质量浓度。结果表明,基于LC-MS/MS分析的固相萃取方法对滨海养殖水体中5类14种抗生素残留的检测具有较高的萃取效率,并且检测方法回收率在63%~124%之间;在典型滨海养殖区不同养殖水体中检出了3类7种抗生素（含磺胺类增效剂甲氧苄氨嘧啶）残留,最高质量浓度分别为诺氟沙星（3.54 ng.L-1,虾池）、氧氟沙星（14.8 ng.L-1,蛏池）、磺胺嘧啶（5.36 ng.L-1,鸭池）、磺胺二甲嘧啶（7.35 ng.L-1,虾池）、磺胺甲噁唑（18.5 ng.L-1,虾池）、氟甲砜霉素（5.00 ng.L-1,虾池）和甲氧苄氨嘧啶（40.2 ng.L-1,鸭池）,均低于已有的报道质量浓度水平。养殖水体中残留抗生素种类和质量浓度与养殖生物类型有关,螃蟹养殖水体抗生素残留种类（4种）最少,鱼和鸭养殖水体抗生素残留检出达6种,而检出的抗生素最高残留质量浓度主要来自于虾养殖水体。     

国内外重点领域安全标准比对研究

为了增加我国安全标准技术含量,进一步提高标准管理水平,本文选取矿山、危险化学品和基础通用三个具有代表性的安全标准重点领域,比对分析了我国与美国、南非、欧盟、国际标准化组织和国际劳工组织安全标准,从标准构成、技术标准和管理标准的比例、标准制修订机构、对公众安全重视程度、标准体系内容完善程度和标准修订周期六个方面,提出了国内外安全标准体系存在的的差异。本文选取了上述三个重点领域的100项安全标准的1550个技术指标,通过国内外相应安全指标的比对分析,提出国内外安全指标的异同,以及我国安全标准技术指标修改建议。在此基础上,提出了我国重点领域安全标准发展的对策措施。     

Efficient management capacity evaluation of tourism in protected areas

Despite the increasing number of protected areas around the world and their importance in the conservation of species and ecosystems, protected areas management capacity remains difficult to evaluate. A standard is needed to help policy makers compare the goals with the results obtained. This empirical research builds a tool to analyze the management efficiency and predicts the new touristic outcomes in case of a policy change. Using as example the state parks agencies in the USA, this paper develops a technological frontier using data envelopment analysis based on the Protected Areas Management Approach. After that, a prediction of the outcomes is analyzed with a budget change for any state park agency. Data suggest that many of them need to improve their performance to be more efficient. Another result obtained shows how budget changes will affect each agency's performance in different degrees and, therefore, budget reductions should be modeled separately.     

江淮农村生态型排水系统构建及截污作用研究

以安徽省巢湖北岸牌坊陈村为例,构建了一种由沟渠、水塘和湿地组合而成的生态型排水系统,并研究了该系统对农村降雨径流污染的截控作用.构建的牌坊陈村生态型排水系统实现了污水排放、收集和处理一体化,系统通过各组成单元物理、化学和生物综合作用,对降雨径流中污染物具有较高的截留率,减少了营养盐对周围水体输出负荷.3场降雨监测结果表明,系统对TSS、COD、TP和TN的平均截留率分别为78.2%、57.8%、55.5%和64.2%,系统出水中TSS、COD、TP和NH4+-N平均质量浓度分别为23.5、66.3、0.49和3.03 mg·L-1,达到《污水综合排放标准》一级标准要求.水塘作为系统主要截流、纳污以及蓄水单元,其日常水质指标TSS、COD、TP和TN平均质量浓度分别为28.0、31.2、0.47和4.65 mg·L-1,基本符合《地表水环境质量标准》中Ⅴ类标准要求.     

城市生活污水净化回用可行模式研究

通过分析近几年城市生活污水排放情况以及生活污水特点表明,城市生活污水已成为水体污染的主要污染源;而现阶段城市排水管网终端集中处理的模式,已不适应城市生活污水的处理和回用,经过对集中处理与分散处理的对比论证,提出了以小区为单元的城市生活污水原位净化再用的可行模式。     

太湖流域地区开展农村环境连片整治的探索

农村环境连片整治以解决区域性突出环境问题为目的,对地域空间上相对聚集在一起的多个村庄实施同步、集中整治是使环境问题得到有效解决的治理方式。本文阐述了农村环境问题的现状及开展农村环境保护的背景,从农村环境连片整治的特点出发,以常州武进区雪堰镇农村环境综合整治示范点成功开展整治工作为例,进行太湖流域地区开展农村环境连片整治的探索,并总结了在太湖流域地区成功开展农村环境连片整治的建议及农村环保工作的导向。     

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in soil from three typical industrial areas in Beijing, China

Areas containing industrial facilities belonging to three different typical industries that may cause pollution by polybrominated diphenyl ethers （PBDEs） in Beijing, China were investigated. Specifically, the areas contained a solid waste incineration plant, a chemical factory, and a heat and power plant. Investigation of the pollution status of PBDEs in the surface soil from areas around these industries revealed the highest concentration of 42 PBDE congeners （118 ng/g, dry mass） at the solid waste incineration plant. In the other two plants, the highest concentrations were both 26 ng/g （dry mass）. Among the PBDE homologues, the PBDE contamination at all sites showed similar congener compositions, with BDE 209 being the dominant congener. Our findings established the first contamination status of three typical industrial areas in Beijing. Furthermore, the total concentrations of 42 PBDE congeners tended to decrease as the distance from the investigated plants increased. Overall, these plants were identified as potential pollution sources of PBDEs in Beijing. Moreover, Pearson correlation analysis revealed that the major PBDE source in Beijing may be associated with the technical deca-BDE and penta-BDE mixture. Based on the data obtained in this preliminary investigation, further study of the potential of these sources to emit PBDEs in Beijing is warranted.