Direct simulation of heterogeneous diffusion and inversion procedure applied to an out-diffusion experiment. Test case of Palmottu granite

An out-diffusion laboratory experiment using a non-reactive tracer was fitted using the Time Domain Diffusion (TDD) method. This rapid particle tracking method allows simulation of the heterogeneous diffusion based on pore-scale images and local values of diffusivities. The superimposed porosity and mineral 2D maps act as computation grids to condition diffusion pathways. We focused on a Palmottu granite sample, in which the connected pore space has a composite microstructure with cracks linking microporous minerals and is above the percolation threshold. Three main results were achieved: (i) When compared to the fitting obtained with one coefficient (best mean square residual R = 1.6 x 10(-2)), diffusion is shown to be suitably characterised with two coefficients related to cracks and microporous minerals (best R = 6.5 x 10(-4)), (ii) rather than imposing a local apparent diffusion coefficient D(a) independent of the local porosity Phi, a best fit is obtained by applying Archie's relationship D(a) = D(0) x G with G = Phi(m) to each pixel of the calculation grids (G is the geometry factor, D(0) is the diffusion coefficient in free fluid, and m is Archie's exponent), and (iii) the order of magnitude of the fitted diffusion coefficient or Archie's exponents (m=0 for microcracks and m=1.82 for microporous minerals) is physically realistic.     

西安市大气污染物时空演化特征及对人体健康评价

西安市是我国西北政治、经济和文化中心,工业发达,但空气污染事件对社会经济的高质量发展带来极大挑战,探究该地区大气污染特征并厘清其对人体健康产生的影响至关重要.对西安市2015~2021年大气污染物的时空趋势变化特征进行分析;其次,利用空气质量指数（AQI）、综合空气质量指数（AAQI）和空气质量健康指数（HAQI）结合AirQ_2.2.3 模型量化各污染物对人体的健康效应.结果发现,研究区整体空气质量呈良好状态,各大气污染物呈现下降态势.污染物主要以PM₁₀ 、PM_2.5 和O₃ 为主,地形特征和人为排放的混合式污染是研究区的主要污染特征.AAQI和HAQI相较于AQI对污染水平表现出较好的分类效果,HAQI揭示研究区全年约有80 %左右的人口暴露于不健康的空气中,其中冬季暴露于不健康空气中的人群最多,其次为秋季、春季,夏季最少.AirQ_2.2.3 模型量化出归因于PM_2.5 、PM₁₀ 、SO₂ 、CO、NO₂ 和O₃ 的总死亡率比例分别为0.99 %、2.04 %、0.41 %、1.72 %、8.76 %和3.67 %,且呼吸系统和心脑血管疾病死亡率的可归因比例与总死亡率变化规律较为一致.     

复杂山区地形水利水电液氨施工泄漏研究

水电工程中液氨泄漏扩散对周围居民的危害很大,疏散区域划分成为重要的防护措施,但在复杂地形条件下确立准确的疏散区域成为难题。为解决这一难题,通过现场调查所得数据,采用大涡模拟方法对泄漏气体扩散进行模拟,分析氨的泄漏扩散在大气中的扩散规律,研究泄漏气体的扩散动力学演化过程及影响范围,计算泄漏事故中不同时间段影响范围,得出时间序列上的爆炸危险区域和有毒气体影响区域,最后总结分析制定安全防护距离的影响因素,为周边居民安全防护策略提供参考。     

EVALUATION OF SOME APPROACHES TO ESTIMATING NON-POINT POLLUTANT LOADS FOR UNMONITORED AREAS1

ABSTRACT: Evaluation of the non-point source pollutant load entering a lake from multiple tributaries requires either that all tributaries be monitored or that some extrapolation method be used to estimate loads originating in areas not monitored. Unmonitored areas include not only watersheds of tributaries that are not monitored, but also portions of a monitored tributary's drainage basin downstream from the monitoring site and areas of direct drainage. Significant portions of large lake drainage basins are often not monitored, and loads for these areas are often estimated by extrapolation. Six simple extrapolation procedures were evaluated by using them to estimate loads for areas that had been monitored and comparing the estimated loads with the monitored loads. Three approaches were based on inter-basin ratios of area, C-factor, and discharge. The other approaches used regression relationships between concentration and flow to estimate concentrations for the unmonitored basin. The ratio approaches generally were more reliable than the regression approaches. However, extrapolation by any method tested was not very precise. Some methods also were biased when applied to watersheds of a size different than the monitored one. Extrapolation by any of these methods would compromise the precision of the lake-wide load estimate, if the unmonitored area were a significant part of the entire basin.     

酒店主要产品服务经济-能源-环境系统分析

利用投入产出分析方法和能耗寿命周期分析方法相结台。建立了主要产品中间生产和最终服务经济-能源-环境系统投入产出综合计算模型；对国内有代表性的八家酒店主要产品服务系统进行了计算与综合分析：结果显示酒店之间投入产出指标值量大相差2倍以上。具有巨大的改进潜力；酒店内部餐饮服务系统是传统的线性开放式经济发展模式的突出代表。应进行蕾业规模调整、合理配置能源种类和消耗比例、重点实施清洁生产。     

Dry Weather Water Quality Loadings in Arid,Urban Watersheds of the Los Angeles Basin,California, USA1

Abstract: Dry weather runoff in arid, urban watersheds may consist entirely of treated wastewater effluent and/or urban nonpoint source runoff, which can be a source of bacteria, nutrients, and metals to receiving waters. Most studies of urban runoff focus on stormwater, and few have evaluated the relative contribution and sources of dry weather pollutant loading for a range of constituents across multiple watersheds. This study assessed dry weather loading of nutrients, metals, and bacteria in six urban watersheds in the Los Angeles region of southern California to estimate relative sources of each constituent class and the proportion of total annual load that can be attributed to dry weather discharge. In each watershed, flow and water quality were sampled from storm drain and treated wastewater inputs, as well as from in‐stream locations during at least two time periods. Data were used to calculate mean concentrations and loads for various sources. Dry weather loads were compared with modeled wet weather loads under a range of annual rainfall volumes to estimate the relative contribution of dry weather load. Mean storm drain flows were comparable between all watersheds, and in all cases, approximately 20% of the flowing storm drains accounted for 80% of the daily volume. Wastewater reclamation plants (WRP) were the main source of nutrients, storm drains accounted for almost all the bacteria, and metals sources varied by constituent. In‐stream concentrations reflected major sources, for example nutrient concentrations were highest downstream of WRP discharges, while in‐stream metals concentrations were highest downstream of the storm drains with high metals loads. Comparison of wet vs. dry weather loading indicates that dry weather loading can be a significant source of metals, ranging from less than 20% during wet years to greater than 50% during dry years.     

关于排污权的一级市场和二级市场问题

在分析建立和完善排污权市场机制必要性的基础上,提出了排污权一级市场和二级市场的概念,阐述了参与主体不同、实施手段不同、风险大小不同和作用效果不同是一级市场与二级市场的主要区别;指出排污权一级市场需要解决的核心是公平问题,二级市场需要解决的核心是效率问题,并提出了保证排污权一级市场的公平性和提高二级市场效率的若干重要措施.这对于当前我国实施排污权有偿取得与排污交易,建立排污权市场机制具有重要借鉴意义.     

论水污染物排放许可证制度的法律规制——《中华人民共和国行政许可法》在水污染防治中的作用

我国部分地方规定了水污染物排放许可证制度,由于此类法律文件法律效力的低层级性,制约着水污染防治的司法与执法实践。提高设定该制度法律文件效力位阶,不仅可以解决调整该制度法制不统一状况,而且为其进行法律规制提供了直接、具体的法律依据。对促使排污主体科学、合理排污将起到积极作用。     

建筑物走廊型通道中火灾烟气流动特性的研究

应用网络模型方法,将建筑物走廊型通道合理地划分为多个节点,在火源为10kg木材的情况下,利用已开发成功的烟流性状预测软件对四川消防科研所的一座实体建筑物进行了模拟计算,获得了各节点烟流性状的发展变化规律。经比较,模型计算结果与实验数据十分符合。证明走廊型通道的多节点划分方法正确、预测软件实用可靠。根据烟气侵入走道中两节点的时间差及两节点间距,提出了烟气弥漫速度的计算方法。该算法与实测结果间的相对误差小于3%,实例应用及研究的成果,为建筑物火灾时安全疏散动态模拟研究提供了理论依据。     

Measurements of Traffic-Induced Turbulence within a Street Canyon during the Nantes'99 Experiment

A full scale experiment has been performed in a streetcanyon, the Rue de Strasbourg in Nantes (France). Thiscampaign, the Nantes'99 experiment, provided a detaileddata base documenting, amongst others, the production ofturbulent kinetic energy (TKE) by vehicles within thestreet. Airflow and CO concentration measurements have beenanalysed during days with low wind perpendicular to thestreet axis, i.e. for conditions expected to greatly favourthe enhancement of the turbulence produced by traffic onflow and dispersion within the street canyon. It is shownthat traffic is associated with an increase in turbulentkinetic energy at the lowest levels of the street,especially at the leeward side of the street. It issuggested that turbulent kinetic energy increases with thenumber of vehicles up to a threshold value and thendecreases when vehicles form a `block' shape that limitsthe additional production of turbulence. Moreover, it issuggested that traffic-produced turbulence affectspollutant dispersion reducing CO concentration at the lowerlevels of the leeward side of the street from a thresholdvalue of TKE equal to about 0.15 m² s^-2. On the other hand, high traffic density generates less turbulencewhich in turn leads to a lower pollutant dispersion.