Fractal scaling of effective diffusion coefficient of solute in porous media

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完善水污染物排放标准服务环境管理

污染物排放标准是环保法规的重要组成部分,是环境管理和执法的技术基础。但是现行的污染物排放标准存在一些不足而影响了为环境管理和污染防治服务。从环境管理实践的角度对此进行了探讨,并提出了完善排放标准,服务环境监管的建议。     

感潮河段水环境容量计算方法探讨

对感潮河段水环境容量的污染物允许排放量的概念进行了分析，提出了基于动态的水质模型并利用计算机仿真和线性规划来进行感潮河段水环境容量计算的基本方法，该文着重介绍计算感潮河段水环境容量的技术方法，通过简化的计算实例对具体过程进行了说明，其原理成立，方法可行。     

半渗透膜采样技术在有机污染物分析中的应用

SPMD对亲脂性有机污染物具有富集倍数高(105),样品前处理简单,易于保存、携带,重现性好等特点。有可能成为一种新的相对标准监测方法。可用于研究有机污染物在空气、生物、污水处理、海水、沉积物河水、迁移规律以及水动力学模型的工具,进而可直接研究有机污染物有关的生态毒理实验。     

黑钨矿的氧扩散动力学

在水压100 MPa,温度500~800℃和富18O水的热液条件下,开展了黑钨矿氧扩散动力学的实验研究。并由离子探针质谱测定平行于c轴和垂直于c轴的黑钨矿氧同位素扩散剖面。经实验研究获得了黑钨矿氧扩散的Arren ius关系。黑钨矿平行于c轴氧扩散的指数前因子D0为1.15×10-6cm2/s,扩散活化能Q为171.4±7.4 kJ/mol;垂直于c轴的氧扩散的指数前因子D0为8.51×10-7cm2/s,扩散活化能Q为170.8±7.8 kJ/mol。黑钨矿的氧扩散无明显方向性。黑钨矿的氧扩散交换封闭温度低于透辉石、角闪石和金红石,高于钙长石,与磁铁矿十分接近。     

垃圾焚烧的主要污染物毒性分析

焚烧处理具有减量化、资源化、无害化的特点,目益成为处理城市生活垃圾有效手段,但是其无害化程度是有限的,如果控制不当,就会产生大量二次污染物.文章介绍了一些国家和地区关于垃圾焚烧污染物排放的控制标准以及这些二次污染物对人类的危害,提醒在垃圾焚烧过程要注意避免二次污染的形成,在重视二恶英排放污染的同时,不可忽视对常规污染物的排放控制.     

用气流输送轨迹分析上海,重庆,贵阳的酸雨特点及其比较

用降雨时的气流输送轨迹,分析了上海、重庆和贵阳三地的酸雨特点和成因。研究表明,重庆和贵阳的酸雨,主要是受局地污染源的影响,远距离外来污染影响不大;但贵阳在静止锋天气时的酸雨,可能也受远处输送来的外来污染的影响。上海地区的酸雨,除受局地污染源的影响外,还受远处外来污染的影响。     

Formation factor logging by electrical methods. Comparison of formation factor logs obtained in situ and in the laboratory

In this paper, a new in situ method for obtaining the formation factor, which is essential for the matrix diffusion, is described and tested in intrusive igneous rock. The method is based on electrical resistivity measurements in rock where the pore water and rock resistivities are essential parameters. The method is based on electromigration instead of diffusion as in traditional diffusion experiments. In previous works, quantitative formation factors of rock have been obtained by electrical methods in the laboratory. Here, a similar approach is used in situ. An in situ logging campaign was performed by SKB during 2000 in the 1700-m-deep borehole KLX02 in Laxemar, Sweden. The rock resistivity was measured with the slimhole Dual Laterolog from Antares. The groundwater resistivity was measured with the Difference Flow Meter from Posiva. A formation factor log was obtained with the maximum vertical resolution of 10 cm. In order to validate the log, 100 rock samples were taken from the bore core, and a formation factor log was obtained by using electrical methods in the laboratory. Both direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC) were used. The measurements on the core confirmed that the in situ log was quantitative, but with a possible systematic error. The in situ formation factors were on average about 1/3 to 1/5 of the laboratory formation factors, depending on depth.     

基于GIS城市机动车尾气扩散迁移研究

中国城市大气污染日趋严重，汽车尾气污染所占比重越来越大。交通、道路、管制及气候条件等是影响城市机动车尾气排放的主要因素。本文根据机动车尾气研究的实际，研究了专题MGIS数据库结构， 并以广州为例，建立了基于GIS的城市机动车尾气扩散迁移预报系统，在此基础上实现了机动车尾气污染状况的可视化。     

Determination of the flow-wetted surface in fractured media

Diffusion and sorption in the rock matrix are important retardation mechanisms for radionuclide transport in fractured media. For the conditions existing in a deep repository in crystalline rock, interaction with the rock matrix is controlled by the water flowrate in the fractures and the surface area in contact with the flowing water (the so-called "flow-wetted surface" (FWS)). The flow-wetted surface may be determined from the frequency of open fractures intersecting a borehole. The choice of packer distance used in these hydraulic measurements is crucial, however, since several open fractures may be found in one packer interval. The use of a packer distance that is too large may result in a considerable underestimation of the flow-wetted surface. This is especially important in zones with a high frequency of open fractures (fracture zones) where a small packer distance is a fundamental requirement. A large volume of hydraulic data has been compiled in Sweden from measurements using quite small packer distances. Over the last decade, the most common packer distance used for the hydraulic tests has been 3 m, although some new measurements using a shorter packer distance have also been performed. In several cases, the resolution of these measurements has been less than 0.5 m. All these data have been analysed in detail. From these data, the flow-wetted surface has been calculated and compared with the flow-wetted surface estimated in earlier studies. The results show the importance of using a small packer distance for carrying out borehole transmissivity measurements.