环境中对流,扩散问题的控制容积离散方法及应用

本文用控制容积离散化方法模拟计算环境中充体的运动和污染物迁移扩散过程。该方法通用性强、可适用于一维、二维甚至三维对流、扩散问题的模拟计算，另一方面能真实反映水体的运动规律，因而可确保的合理性和稳定性，本文所建立的方法具有较高的精度和很好的稳定性。     

SPF/DB在空心叶片制造中的应用

主要介绍了超塑性成形和扩散连接 (SPF/DB)技术在夹心结构空心叶片制造方面的应用 ,前、后缘以及局部形状设计要求 ,叶片的厚度分布、金相组织、机械特性和可行的工艺流程     

Fractal scaling of effective diffusion coefficient of solute in porous media

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＤｉｆｆｕｓｉｏｎｍａｙｂｅｔｈｅｄｏｍｉｎａｎｔｍａｓｓｔｒａｎｓｆｅｒｍｅｃｈａｎｉｓｍ(ｃｏｍｐａｒｅｄｔｏａｄｖｅｃｔｉｏｎ)ｉｎｐｏｒｏｕｓｍｅｄｉａｏｆｌｏｗｐｅｒｍｅａｂｉｌｉｔｙｗｈｉｃｈａｒｅｗｉｄｅｌｙｕｓｅｄａｓｎａｔｕｒａｌｏｒａｒｔｉｆｉｃｉａｌｂａｒｒｉｅｒｓｆｏｒｐｏｌｌｕｔｉｏｎｃｏｎｔｒｏｌａｔｗａｓｔｅｄｉｓｐｏｓａｌｓｉｔｅｓ.Ｄｉｆｆｕｓｉｏｎｔｒａｎｓｐｏｒｔｏｆｃｏｎｔａｍｉｎａｎｔｓｔｈｒｏｕｇｈｃｌａｙ,ｓｉｌｔ,ｍｕｄｒｏｃｋ…     

完善水污染物排放标准服务环境管理

污染物排放标准是环保法规的重要组成部分,是环境管理和执法的技术基础。但是现行的污染物排放标准存在一些不足而影响了为环境管理和污染防治服务。从环境管理实践的角度对此进行了探讨,并提出了完善排放标准,服务环境监管的建议。     

感潮河段水环境容量计算方法探讨

对感潮河段水环境容量的污染物允许排放量的概念进行了分析，提出了基于动态的水质模型并利用计算机仿真和线性规划来进行感潮河段水环境容量计算的基本方法，该文着重介绍计算感潮河段水环境容量的技术方法，通过简化的计算实例对具体过程进行了说明，其原理成立，方法可行。     

半渗透膜采样技术在有机污染物分析中的应用

SPMD对亲脂性有机污染物具有富集倍数高(105),样品前处理简单,易于保存、携带,重现性好等特点。有可能成为一种新的相对标准监测方法。可用于研究有机污染物在空气、生物、污水处理、海水、沉积物河水、迁移规律以及水动力学模型的工具,进而可直接研究有机污染物有关的生态毒理实验。     

黑钨矿的氧扩散动力学

在水压100 MPa,温度500~800℃和富18O水的热液条件下,开展了黑钨矿氧扩散动力学的实验研究。并由离子探针质谱测定平行于c轴和垂直于c轴的黑钨矿氧同位素扩散剖面。经实验研究获得了黑钨矿氧扩散的Arren ius关系。黑钨矿平行于c轴氧扩散的指数前因子D0为1.15×10-6cm2/s,扩散活化能Q为171.4±7.4 kJ/mol;垂直于c轴的氧扩散的指数前因子D0为8.51×10-7cm2/s,扩散活化能Q为170.8±7.8 kJ/mol。黑钨矿的氧扩散无明显方向性。黑钨矿的氧扩散交换封闭温度低于透辉石、角闪石和金红石,高于钙长石,与磁铁矿十分接近。     

Determination of the flow-wetted surface in fractured media

Diffusion and sorption in the rock matrix are important retardation mechanisms for radionuclide transport in fractured media. For the conditions existing in a deep repository in crystalline rock, interaction with the rock matrix is controlled by the water flowrate in the fractures and the surface area in contact with the flowing water (the so-called "flow-wetted surface" (FWS)). The flow-wetted surface may be determined from the frequency of open fractures intersecting a borehole. The choice of packer distance used in these hydraulic measurements is crucial, however, since several open fractures may be found in one packer interval. The use of a packer distance that is too large may result in a considerable underestimation of the flow-wetted surface. This is especially important in zones with a high frequency of open fractures (fracture zones) where a small packer distance is a fundamental requirement. A large volume of hydraulic data has been compiled in Sweden from measurements using quite small packer distances. Over the last decade, the most common packer distance used for the hydraulic tests has been 3 m, although some new measurements using a shorter packer distance have also been performed. In several cases, the resolution of these measurements has been less than 0.5 m. All these data have been analysed in detail. From these data, the flow-wetted surface has been calculated and compared with the flow-wetted surface estimated in earlier studies. The results show the importance of using a small packer distance for carrying out borehole transmissivity measurements.     

Interpretation of out-diffusion experiments on crystalline rocks using random walk modeling

Matrix diffusion in saturated rocks with very low permeability is one of the major mechanisms of solute transport. Laboratory out-diffusion experiments on rock samples may provide an estimate of the bulk diffusion coefficient. However, numerous results have shown that this average parameter does not really depict the complex mechanism of diffusion as a function of the internal heterogeneity of crystalline rocks. Two-dimensional images of the porosity distribution in a granite sample were obtained by impregnation with a radioactive resin and autoradiography. Some examples based on these images and synthetic images were used to perform numerical simulations of out-diffusion using two different random walk methods. The simulated shapes of the out-diffusion curves depend on the spatial distribution of the porosity and on the pore connectivity with the border of the sample. Such relations might explain the multiple nested slopes or the convex shapes often observed on real experimental curves.     

Natural attenuation/phytoremediation in the vadose zone of a former industrial sludge basin

The natural attenuation of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the vadose zone of a naturally revegetated former industrial sludge basin (0.45 ha) was examined. This was accomplished by comparing the concentration of 16 PAH contaminants present in sludge collected below the root zone of plants with contaminants present at 3 shallower depths within the root zone. Chemical analysis of 240 samples from 60 cores showed the average concentration of total and individual PAHs in the 0-30 cm, 30-60 cm, and bottom of the root zone strata were approximately 10, 20, and 50%, respectively, of the 16, 800 ppm average total PAH concentration in deep non-rooted sludge. Statistically significant differences in average PAH concentrations were observed between each strata studied and the non-rooted sludge except for the concentrations of acenaphthene and chrysene present at the bottom of the root zone in comparison to sludge values. The rooting depth of the vegetation growing in the basin was dependent on both vegetation type and plant age. Average rooting depths for trees, forbs (herbaceous non-grasses), and grasses were 90, 60, and 50 cm, respectively. The deepest root systems observed (100-120 cm) were associated with the oldest (12-14 year-old) mulberry trees. Examination of root systems and PAH concentrations at numerous locations and depths within the basin indicated that plant roots and their microbially active rhizospheres fostered PAH disappearance; including water insoluble, low volatility compounds, i.e. benzo(a)pyrene and benzo(ghi)perylene. The reduced concentration of PAHs in the upper strata of this revegetated former sludge basin indicated that natural attenuation had occurred. This observation supports the concept that through appropriate planting and management practices (phytoremediation) it will be possible to accelerate, maximize, and sustain natural processes, whereby even the most recalcitrant PAH contaminants (i.e. benzo(a)pyrene) can be remediated over time.