大气例行点位常规监测污染物的相关性分析及防控措施研究

根据济南市历下区5个大气例行监测点位2015年上半年PM2.5、PM10、SO2、CO、NO2、O3逐小时浓度的监测数据,通过SPSS软件对各项污染物的相关性进行分析得出:CO与PM2.5、PM10、SO2、NO2强相关性出现次数最多,表明CO排放源是引起颗粒物污染的主要原因之一.对监测点位周边2 km范围内机动车尾气和餐饮燃煤两项污染源进行排放量估算得出:机动车尾气CO、NOx、PM2.5和PM10年排放量分别为388.18吨、111.18吨、4.35吨和4.72吨;餐饮燃煤CO、SO2、NOx年排放量分别为36.0吨、24.0吨和9.6吨.因此,控制CO排放源对改善济南市大气环境质量至关重要.     

毒气泄漏威胁下建筑气密性对就地避难效果影响研究*

针对我国毒气泄漏生产安全事故中就地避难策略的选择缺乏依据的问题，基于毒气扩散理论、建筑气密性分级模型及毒物浓度伤害准则，评析位于毒气泄漏源不同距离处不同气密性建筑作为“就地避难场所”的可靠性与有效性。结果表明:事故中，室外毒气浓度短时间内达到峰值后迅速回落，而室内毒气浓度达到峰值后回落缓慢；室内毒气浓度达到峰值所需时间受气密性影响小，但其降速随气密性等级的增大而明显放缓。最后，研究提出距泄漏源不同距离处就地避难建筑应达到的气密性水平。     

Evaluation of a long-range lagrangian dispersion model with ETEX

Performance of a Lagrangian dispersion model was examined in connection with its dependency on the boundary layer modelling and the input data resolution. The European Tracer Experiment (ETEX) data were used as reference. According to the sensitivity analysis of the model performance, the long-range dispersion model with the sparse input data was not noticeably different from that with the finer resolution data. The assumption of the prescribed constant mixing depth did not largely degrade the prediction results as compared with the simulation results with the temporally changing boundary layer. It is, therefore, concluded that the model is practical, considering the limited input data in the operational mode. However, it was also pointed out that the parameterization for the horizontal and vertical diffusion processes used in the present model enhanced the growth of plume. The improvement of input data resolution in time and space caused further dispersion of tracer deterministically. These resulted in the underestimation of the maximum concentration and the unfocussed concentration distribution map although the mean concentration was predicted fairly well.     

Kinetics of endosulfan sorption on to wood charcoal

Abstract

A part of the research work conducted to evaluate the efficiency of a locally available low cost wood charcoal in removing endosulfan, an organochlorine insecticide, has been presented here in this paper. In the batch experiments conducted at 1 mg/I initial concentration of endosulfan, it was found that wood charcoal could remove endosulfan from water up to 95%. Kinetic profiles were developed for various conditions and they followed second order kinetic reactions. Adsorption equilibrium time was determined by two different approaches namely rough estimate and 2% slope criteria. The equilibrium time was found to be 5 hrs. Forward, reverse, and overall reaction rate constants were determined by approximating the kinetic data to the first order reversible kinetic model. Rate constants increased with increasing initial concentration of endosulfan. Rate limiting process was determined by using kinetics data and further confirmed by the multiple interruption test. Pore and film diffusion coefficients were determined from the half time equations. Film diffusion appeared to be the rate limiting which was further supported by the multiple interruption test.     

对我国大气污染物总量控制与排放标准的再认识

以我国现行的《大气污染防治法》为依据,通过理论分析,从总量控制与排放标准的控制目的、法律依据、制定部门、适用条件、适用对象、实施部门、法律责任等方面研究了二者的区别及联系,提出了在实际工作中的应用原则建议。     

2000—2002年沙尘现象对北京大气中PM10质量浓度的影响评估

北京地区大气中污染物粒子PM₁₀主要有3个来源:本地区排放的PM₁₀;北京周边地区排放的PM₁₀经过输送扩散进入北京大气中;沙尘现象污染北京大气,尤其在强沙尘时造成北京大气中主要污染物粒子皆为沙尘粒子。而北京部分地区受沙尘影响时,大气中污染物粒子既包含沙尘粒子也包含排放的污染物粒子。利用北京及周边地区气象台站资料、卫星遥感资料以及环境监测资料,采用月积分浓度和年积分浓度方法,对沙尘粒子与污染物粒子进行了统计对比分析,发现沙尘粒子约占北京PM₁₀的7%～19%。      

我国水生生态系统优先控制有机污染物的研究现状

介绍了我国对水生生态系统各相中各类环境优先控制有机污染物的分布、迁移转化规律及其归宿等方面的研究成果,着重论述了多环芳烃、多氯联苯和有机氯农药等在沉积物中的分布特征及污染来源判别的研究状况,同时指出了我国目前对于环境优先控制有机污染物研究的薄弱环节和今后努力的方向.      

聚氯乙烯生产过程中大气污染物的产生及治理措施

通过对聚氯乙烯生产工艺的分析,说明聚氯乙烯生产过程中主要污染物氯乙烯单体的产生部位和特点,在此基础上分析其治理措施情况,最终提出高效、可行、且易操作的治理措施。     

酸性红B染料的阴极氧化降解机理

以Pt/C气体扩散电极为阴极,对pH=3的60mg/L酸性红B溶液进行双室电解,8V下电解80min后,酸性红B溶液在阴极室的脱色率和COD去除率分别为94.2%和66.8%,而酸性红B溶液在阳极室的脱色率和COD去除率分别为73.3%和56.6%,表明O2能在阴极室还原为H₂O₂和.OH来氧化降解酸性红B.通过红外光谱和GC-MS对酸性红B在阴极室的降解中间产物进行了分析,检测出20种中间产物,包括14种酯、3种酸和3种含—NO₂或N—OH基团的物质,给出了酸性红B染料在阴极室的可能降解路径.     

降雨过程中气溶胶湿沉降的数值模拟

为了参数化降雨湿去除气溶胶的过程,首先定量计算了雨滴和气溶胶的碰撞效率与它们尺度之间的依存关系,以及雨滴尺度谱满足对数正态分布时气溶胶的清除系数与其尺度的依存关系;然后利用多重Monte Carlo算法模拟了降雨过程中气溶胶尺度谱的时间演变过程,考察了气溶胶湿沉降过程与降雨类型和雨强的相关性.当雨滴尺度谱和气溶胶尺度谱均满足对数正态分布时,数值模拟的结果表明,典型的小雨、中雨和大雨过程对中等尺度气溶胶的湿去除效果均不理想,但都可以有效地湿去除大尺度气溶胶和小尺度气溶胶;3种降雨类型对大尺度气溶胶的湿去除效果均依次好于小尺度气溶胶和中等尺度气溶胶;对于任何尺度的气溶胶,雨强的增加将有利于其湿沉降.