流作用下泥沙悬浮释放污染物的数值分析

基于一维垂向模型(1DV模型),建立了波流共同作用下泥沙悬浮释放污染物的数学模型,模型通过验证可较好的描述床面附近紊动特性、水流结构、泥沙垂向分布及污染物解吸释放规律. 利用数学模型,通过设置不同的模拟情景,分析计算了波流共同作用下泥沙悬浮特征、污染物释放动态过程及时空分布特征. 研究表明: 波流共同作用下,吸附态污染物及总污染物垂向分布与悬浮泥沙分布一致,波浪底部边界层的周期性振荡限制了从底部悬扬的泥沙向上部水体的扩散,在近床面存在梯度较大的高浓度层,在悬浮释放的初期,溶解态污染物的垂向分布规律与吸附态污染物一致,达到平衡后,沿垂向均匀分布.水流流速和波浪强度对泥沙悬浮释放污染物有着不同程度的影响,水流对泥沙及污染物的垂向分布影响明显,波浪的影响主要体现在床面附近形成高浓度含沙层和污染物层.     

Real-world gaseous emission characteristics of natural gas heavy-duty sanitation trucks

As compared to conventional diesel heavy-duty vehicles, natural gas vehicles have been proved to be more eco-friendly due to their lower production of greenhouse gas and pollutant emissions, which are causing enormous adverse effects on global warming and air pollution. However, natural gas vehicles were rarely studied before, especially through on-road measurements. In this study, a portable emission measurement system (PEMS) was employed to investigate the real-world emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) (nitrogen monoxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂)), total hydrocarbons (THC), carbon monoxide (CO), and carbon dioxide (CO₂) from two liquified natural gas (LNG) China V heavy-duty cleaning sanitation trucks with different weight. Associated with the more aggressive driving behaviors, the vehicle with lower weight exhibited higher CO₂ (3%) but lower NOx (48.3%) (NO₂ (78.2%) and NO (29.4%)), CO (44.8%), and THC (3.7%) emission factors. Aggressive driving behaviors were also favorable to the production of THC, especially those in the medium-speed range but significantly negative to the production of CO and NO₂, especially those in the low-speed range with high engine load. In particular, the emission rate ratio of NO₂/NO decreased with the increase of speed/scaled tractive power in different speed ranges.     

Interparticle diffusion and thermodynamic modeling studies for the removal of heavy metals using mixed adsorbents in industrial effluents

Pollution of water, air, and soil by industrial effluents is a major problem nowadays. A variety of contaminants are too responsible for changing the physicochemical properties of the receiving body. There are practical treatment solutions available to clean up contaminants from various resources. The term “adsorption” refers to one of them. The purpose of the research work is to remove heavy metals from industrial effluent. Mixed adsorbents prepared from activated charcoal and bone charcoals were used to remove the copper and cadmium ions. The experiment carried out in a batch operation and modeling of these data for intraparticle diffusion and thermodynamic calculations were reported in this research work. At optimum operating condition pH 6; metal ion concentration 50 mg/L; dose 5 g/L; agitation 180 rpm and temperature 40°C maximum 99.41% copper ions and 88.12% cadmium ion removal was achieved. Cadmium ions were well fitted in the thermodynamic model compared to copper ions, as demonstrated by the higher correlation coefficient R² (0.9824) value. Intra particle diffusion demonstrated that film diffusion was a rate-limiting step at the start of the reaction, while microporous intraparticle diffusion was the rate-determining phase later on. A Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron micrography analysis confirmed the suitability of mixed adsorbents for the removal of cadmium and copper metal ions.     

改性竹炭颗粒对水溶液中孔雀绿的吸附动力学研究

用不同的酸碱溶液处理竹炭,研究改性竹炭颗粒对水溶液中孔雀绿的吸附效果,再对筛选出的竹炭颗粒进行吸附动力学试验,并用准二级动力学模型和颗粒扩散模型对试验数据进行拟合,在此基础上进一步探讨影响吸附过程的因素。试验结果表明,用0.5 mol.L-1NaOH溶液处理过的竹炭颗粒吸附效果最佳,最大吸附量可达9.96 mg.g-1。颗粒扩散模型能更好地描述吸附动力学过程。竹炭颗粒的质量增加会降低孔雀绿分子的扩散速率;孔雀绿溶液的初始浓度增加则提高孔雀绿分子的扩散速率;颗粒直径、搅拌速度以及溶液的初始pH值也会影响吸附过程。     

不同植物与水力负荷对人工湿地脱氮除磷的影响

通过6种湿地植物的表流 (SF) 和潜流(SSF)人工湿地对比实验,分析了不同植物的SF和SSF人工湿地去除率随水力负荷(HL)变化的规律,得到了6种不同植物的SF和SSF人工湿地的最优HL、最优去除率.实验结果表明:6种植物的SF和SSF人工湿地对TP、TN去除率随HL的增加而降低,且植物不同,去除率降低趋势不同,且SSF人工湿地去除率降低值比SF小.SF人工湿地TP、TN去除率比SSF低,且TP去除率比TN大.SF人工湿地中水葱对TP、TN去除率降低最大,水芹菜对TP去除率降低最小,美人蕉对TN去除率降低最小;SSF人工湿地中美人蕉对TP去除率降低最大,水芹菜最小对TP去除率降低最小.芦苇对TN 去除率降低最大,水葫芦对TN去除率降低最小.6种植物SF人工湿地去除TP和TN的平均最优HL分别为0.53,0.47t/(m2×d);SSF人工湿地去除TP、TN平均最优HL分别为0.68,0.44t/(m2×d).     

环境与经济形势的景气分析研究

为了识别社会经济发展对环境的影响,借鉴宏观经济景气分析的方法,构建了环境与经济形势景气分析框架.在识别影响环境发展态势的主要社会经济要素的基础上,构建环境与经济景气分析指标体系,并划分出针对污染物排放的先行和一致性指标,同时对其进行景气指数分析,预测预警未来环境的发展态势.应用该方法对全国大气环境SO2排放展开景气分析.2008年大气环境景气分析一致扩散指数为71.43,处于景气区间;合成指数为99.53,相对于2002年总体上呈下降趋势;社会经济发展对环境呈景气影响.但是先行扩散指数跌至不景气区间,部分指标出现环境不景气的变化趋势,会影响未来SO2减排.因此,需要进一步关注各预警指标的景气动向,通过控制重污染行业的产值比重及固定资产投资增长率,提高能源利用效率,优化能源消费结构,保证社会经济同环境的协调发展.     

燃煤电厂铅的迁移转化研究

采集我国6台有代表性电站锅炉的烟气以及燃煤、飞灰、底渣、脱硫石膏等样品,通过测试燃煤和燃煤副产物中铅含量以及烟气中铅的形态分布,考察了燃煤电厂铅的迁移转化规律及烟气常规污染物控制技术对大气铅排放的影响.结果表明,煤粉炉燃煤过程中,煤中铅释放强度高,平均释放率为97.11%;循环流化床锅炉铅的释放率相对较低,约为84.99%.锅炉出口烟气中铅主要为颗粒态铅(Pbp),比例高达86%~92%,并且与燃煤中氯含量具有正相关性.烟气污染物控制装置对大气铅具有协同脱除效果,尤其是除尘装置.静电除尘对铅的平均脱除效率为91.85%,布袋除尘为95.12%.石灰石-石膏湿法脱硫装置可脱除35.67%~77.81%铅,脱除效率主要与脱硫塔操作条件有关.燃煤中的铅经过燃烧和烟气污染物控制装置后,81.97%~90.18%转移到飞灰中,具有高富集性;脱硫石膏中的铅占3.94%~11.82%;只有1.75%~5.40%通过烟囱排入大气.     

不同排污收费情景下的发电企业减排模型研究

考虑未来多种污染物排污收费情景及区域电力需求的固有随机特性,建立了2阶段电源规划优化模型,分析了不同排污收费情景、不同电力需求水平下的区域电力结构变化以及污染物和CO2减排策略.在同时征收SO2排污费和CO2排放费的情景(情景3)下,清洁能源发电在发电系统中的比重增加,以煤电为主的火电比重下降;系统减排CO2 8.438′106t,同时协同减排SO2 5202t、NOx 7854t、颗粒物17.42t,但系统费用会显著增加.在同时征收SO2、NOx排污费和CO2排放费的情景下,系统减排SO2 8515t、NOx 13878t、颗粒物23.52t、CO2 12.988′106t,同时系统费用也会进一步增加.在目前征收SO2排污费的基础上征收CO2排放费或同时征收NOx排放费和CO2排放费,可以提高清洁发电方式在发电系统中的比重,降低SO2、NOx和CO2的排放量.     

五种底栖动物对优控污染物的敏感性评价

参照美国水生生物基准技术指南以及欧盟、美国和中国优控污染物名录,搜集、筛选了伸展摇蚊、日本沼虾、河蚬、霍甫水丝蚓和泥鳅等5种代表性淡水底栖动物的优控污染物生物毒性数据,通过数据分析,筛选出对淡水底栖动物毒性最大的10种优控污染物,主要包括有机氯农药和重金属两大类.对筛选得到的10种优控污染物的物种敏感度分布进行了分析,结果表明伸展摇蚊与泥鳅对有机氯农药较为敏感,具有作为相关农药污染的指示生物以及水质基准研究的受试生物的潜力.     

Anaerobic degradation of 4‐chlorophenol under denitrifying conditions with nitrate as the only electron acceptor

A denitrifying bacterium was isolated from activated sludge after enrichment on 4‐chlorophenol under anoxic, denitrifying conditions, and the microbial degradation of 4‐chlorophenol by this bacterium, with nitrate as the only electron acceptor, was investigated. The bacterium was capable of degrading up to 5 mM 4‐chlorophenol with stoichiometric release of chloride under denitrifying conditions. Anaerobic degradation of 4‐chlorophenol was dependent on nitrate as an electron acceptor. Nitrate (10 mM) severely inhibited the growth by the toxic effect of the accumulated nitrite. The optimum nitrate concentration for cell growth and chlorophenol degradation was 6 mM.