半干半湿烟气脱硫反应塔湿壁现象的分析

半干半湿烟气脱硫工艺特别适合我国中小型工业锅炉烟气脱硫的需要。提高脱硫效率、降低脱硫剂消耗主要依赖增湿程度的提高。然而,加湿会带来湿壁从而改变工艺干法特征,加速腐蚀,影响系统稳定性等问题。通过对一套工业试验性半干半湿FGD系统反应塔湿壁现象的测试分析发现:塔内涡流滞流区的存在,是湿壁的主要原因;塔壁与主流间过大的温差也经常导致结露湿壁。      

Increasing the efficiency of solute leaching: impacts of flow interruption with drainage of the “preferential flow paths”

Most soils contain preferential flow paths that can impact on solute mobility. Solutes can move rapidly down the preferential flow paths with high pore-water velocities, but can be held in the less permeable region of the soil matrix with low pore-water velocities, thereby reducing the efficiency of leaching. In this study, we conducted leaching experiments with interruption of the flow and drainage of the main flow paths to assess the efficiency of this type of leaching. We compared our experimental results to a simple analytical model, which predicts the influence of the variations in concentration gradients within a single spherical aggregate (SSA) surrounded by preferential flow paths on leaching. We used large (length: 300 mm, diameter: 216 mm) undisturbed field soil cores from two contrasting soil types. To carry out intermittent leaching experiments, the field soil cores were first saturated with tracer solution (CaBr₂), and background solution (CaCl₂) was applied to mimic a leaching event. The cores were then drained at 25- to 30-cm suction to empty the main flow paths to mimic a dry period during which solutes could redistribute within the undrained region. We also conducted continuous leaching experiments to assess the impact of the dry periods on the efficiency of leaching. The flow interruptions with drainage enhanced leaching by 10–20% for our soils, which was consistent with the model's prediction, given an optimised “equivalent aggregate radius” for each soil. This parameter quantifies the time scales that characterise diffusion within the undrained region of the soil, and allows us to calculate the duration of the leaching events and interruption periods that would lead to more efficient leaching. Application of these methodologies will aid development of strategies for improving management of chemicals in soils, needed in managing salts in soils, in improving fertiliser efficiency, and in reclaiming contaminated soils.     

Thermal and Rheological Properties of Commercial-Grade Poly(Lactic Acid)s

Poly(lactic acid) is the subject of considerable commercial development by a variety of organizations around the world. In this work, the thermal and rheological properties of two commercial-grade poly(lactic acid)s (PLAs) are investigated. A comparison of the commercial samples to a series of well-defined linear and star architecture PLAs provides considerable insight into their flow properties. Such insights are valuable in deciding processing strategies for these newly emerging, commercially significant, biodegradable plastics. Both a branched and linear grade of PLA are investigated. The crystallization kinetics of the branched polymer are inferred to be faster than the linear analog. Longer relaxation times in the terminal region for the branched material compared to the linear material manifests itself as a higher zero shear rate viscosity. However, the branched material shear thins more strongly, resulting in a lower value of viscosity at high shear rates. Comparison of the linear viscoelastic spectra of the branched material with the spectra for star PLAs suggests that the branched architecture is characterized by a span molecular weight of approximately 63,000 g/mol. The present study conclusively demonstrates that a wide spectrum of flow properties are available through simple architectural modification of PLA, thus allowing the utilization of this important degradable thermoplastic in a variety of processing operations.     

新疆泥石流成因类型和分布规律

泥石流是新疆的主要地质灾害。研究其成因类型和分布规律对制定防治对策 ,减轻国家财物和人民生命安全的损失 ,无疑具有重要的意义。     

室内空气污染对慢性阻塞性肺部疾病的影响

为了探讨室内空气污染与慢性阻塞性肺部疾病(COPD)的关系,对云南省宣威县使用不同生活燃料、年龄≥40岁的农民10892人进行了COPD及其症状的现患率调查,同时测定了调查对象的最大呼气流速(PEF).结果表明,不同燃料造成的室内空气污染对COPD及其症状和最大呼气流速的作用顺序依次为有烟煤>无烟煤>柴.在调整了年龄、性别、吸烟和改灶年限等因素后发现,使用有烟煤和使用无烟煤的人群患COPD的危险性分别是使用柴的4.63倍和1.55倍.改灶年限越长,COPD及其症状的现患率越低,最大呼气流速越高.室内燃煤空气污染是影响宣威慢性阻塞性肺部疾病(COPD)的主要危险因素,改炉改灶对控制COPD及其症状的现患水平,改善肺功能具有积极的作用.     

Century Perspective of Heavy Metal Use in Urban Areas. A Case Study in Stockholm

The inflow and stock (amount in use) of heavy metals (cadmium(Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni) and zinc (Zn)) in goods in 1995 have been quantifiedin the anthroposphere of Stockholm, Sweden. Statistics on national, regional and local level were used. Contacts were established with representatives from production and constructionin the industrial sector and with authorities. The results show that the stock of Cd is 0,2 kg per capita. For the other heavymetals the corresponding result per capita is: Cr 8, Cu 170, Hg 0,01, Ni 4, Pb 73 and Zn 40 kg. The inflow varies between2–8%of the stock indicating the importance of the stock. The lowestlevels are for Cu and Pb. Heavy metal levels in solid waste are high, between 15–45% of the amount in the inflow (Hg excluded), the lowest values were for Cu and Pb. Thus, recyclingis incomplete. Long life expectancy goods form the majority of the stock but there is a tendency that short life expectancy goods increase their importance in the inflow. Concealedgoods are also more frequent in inflow than in the stock.     

机动车排放颗粒物采集系统的研制和开发

笔者以机动车排放颗粒物采集和分析为主要目的,开发了机动车排放颗粒物全流稀释风道测量系统.重点介绍了全流稀释风道测量系统的基本性能和特点,其中包括设计思路、系统流程、主要技术参数、应用范围等.      

One-dimensional simulation of solute transfer in saturated–unsaturated porous media using the discontinuous finite elements method

A one-dimensional transport model for simulating water flow and solute transport in homogeneous–heterogeneous, saturated–unsaturated porous media is presented. The model is composed of a combination of accurate numerical algorithms for solving the nonlinear Richard's and advection–dispersion equations (ADE). The mixed form of Richard's equation is solved using a standard finite element method (FEM) with primary variable switching. The transport equation is solved using operator splitting, with the discontinuous finite element method (DFE) for discretization of the advective term. A slope limiting procedure for DFE avoids numerical instabilities but creates very limited numerical dispersion for high Peclet numbers. An implicit finite differences scheme (FD) is used for the dispersive term.The unsaturated flow and transport model (Wamos-T) is applied to a variety of rigorous problems including transient flow, heterogeneous medium and abrupt variations of velocity in magnitude and direction due to time-varying boundary conditions. It produces accurate and mass-conservative solutions for a very large range of grid Peclet numbers. The Wamos-T model is a good and robust alternative for the simulation of mass transport in unsaturated domain.     

水流条件巨大变化对有机污染物降解速率影响研究

以三峡库区江段主要有机污染水质指标BOD₅为例,通过经验分析与计算,深入研究三峡水库建成前后水流条件巨大变化对BOD₅生化降解系数K₁的影响,并建立了与水流条件相关的经验关系式.研究表明,三峡水库建成以后,随着水位抬高,流速减缓,单位时间内BOD₅降解速率K₁将明显减小.      

黄河河川基流量演化规律及其驱动因子探讨

河川基流量是指地下水补给河川径流的水量。论文首次对黄河河川基流量50年来的时空演化规律和驱动因子做了较为全面的分析。研究表明:黄河河川基流量约占黄河河川径流量的44%,黄河河川基流量对维持健康黄河具有重要意义。受自然变化和人类活动影响,黄河干支流河川基流量50年来总体呈下降趋势;支流基流量变化可划分为双峰型、单峰型、直线下降型3种类型,干流区间基流量主要减少在黄河中游地区。黄河河川基流量具有维持河川径流、维护河流生态、湖泊以及表生生态植被良性发展等多种功能,河川基流量衰减导致湖泊萎缩、表生植被退化、加剧黄河断流等一系列生态环境负效应。通过对驱动因子进一步分析表明,降水量是维持河川基流量的主要来源,其变化影响黄河河川基流量变化趋势。人类活动是黄河河川基流量驱动因子中最活跃的因子,基流量衰减最明显的地区也是人类活动频繁的地区。因此维持健康的黄河必须要对黄河基流量进行科学保护和合理开发利用。