垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属浸出的影响因素

考察不同浸出条件对垃圾焚烧发电厂烟气净化系统飞灰中重金属浸出特性的的影响.研究表明:飞灰浸出时,受飞灰自身性质的影响,翻转式摇床混合和水平振荡摇床混合对飞灰中重金属浸出量的影响不明显;混合8h可使浸出体系达到溶解平衡,16h静置过程对飞灰中重金属溶出的影响不明显;增加浸取剂离子强度对飞灰来说并不会增加重金属元素的溶出;加大液固比(L/S)对飞灰中Pb,Ni和Cd的浸出仅起稀释作用,而Cu,Zn,CT和Hg在L/S<10时浸出液的浓度变化不大,L/S>10时被稀释;在高H 浓度时飞灰中重金属的浸出率大大增加,浸取剂中H 对各元素浸出的影响程度为Pb≈Zn>Cu>Cd>Ni>Cr>As>Hg;在中低H 浓度时,醋酸浸出液中重金属的浓度高于硝酸浸出液,而在>0.2mol·1-1的酸浸取液中,硝酸浸出液中重金属(Hg除外)的浓度大于醋酸浸出液.     

城市生活垃圾焚烧炉周边环境空气及土壤中二噁英来源研究

系统研究了某城市生活垃圾焚烧炉周边地区6个焚烧炉废气样品、14个环境空气样品和3个表层土壤样品中二噁英的组成及其含量,并对其来源进行了解析.结果表明,焚烧炉排放废气中二噁英含量较高,周边地区环境空气及主导风向下风向污染物最大落地点附近土壤中的二噁英含量均处于较低水平,且主导风向下游环境空气中二噁英含量与其它地点采集的样品中二噁英含量差别不明显,但最大落地点表层土壤样品与背景点表层土壤样品中二噁英的组成及含量均有一定的变化.主成分分析结果表明,最大落地点附近表层土壤样品中的二噁英可能受到了污染源废气排放的影响,但环境空气中二英类污染物来源较为复杂,具体原因还需进一步的深入研究.     

模化有机垃圾焚烧过程HCl的生成与控制研究

本文分别在固定床和转式焚烧炉中，研究了模化有机垃圾焚烧过程HCl的释放和控制规律，结果表明，焚烧过程HCl的生成随着温度的增加而升高，转式焚烧炉内钙基物质，可在较低温度下达到一定的脱氯效果。     

焚烧、水泥窑和安全填埋法处置PCBs污染物技术优选

应用层次分析法和专家调查法,综合考虑环境、技术、社会和经济因素,建立了PCBs处置技术选择与评估的层次模型,分析了影响PCBs处置技术方案选择的重要因素.针对3种有较大应用前景的PCBs污染物处置技术,开展定性与定量相结合的方案评价.在处置对象为低浓度与高浓度PCBs污染物2种情况下,分别进行方案的优选.研究指出,环境影响是最重要的因素,在目前中国现有国情条件下,焚烧法是最适宜的PCBs处置技术.对高浓度PCBs污染物,或低浓度污染物具备经济条件或处理量较大,宜采取专用焚烧炉焚烧处置.对低浓度污染物,在不具备经济条件且处理量不大的情况下,可考虑利用水泥窑法或安全填埋法进行处置,并且参考就近处理的原则.此外,对不同技术方案的适用条件和改进措施也进行了探讨,并在此基础上提出了提高PCBs处置水平的政策建议.     

MINTEQ modeling for evaluating the leaching behavior of heavy metals in MSWI fly ash

At present,all kinds of municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) fly ash stabilization technology has been reported and successfully applied in many countries.However,leaching procedures are very different that the technologies lack uniform standard,and it is even impossible to predict the long-term stabilization.Geochemical model can explain the environmental stabilization based on chemical phase and thermodynamic crystal structure,and it is also able to guide the development of environment-friendly stabi...     

小型高效回转窑式焚烧炉的探索与实践

针对化工行业中多种类工业废弃物的特点 ,确定采用回转窑式焚烧炉的可行性 ,给出了焚烧系统的设计思路以及重要设备的计算方法 ,并在实际中加以验证     

Melting and incineration plants of municipal waste. Chemical and biochemical diagnosis of thermal processing samples (emission,residues)

Control of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in emissions and thermal residues from incinerators has been a cause of public concern for more than one decade. Recently, several studies showed that other persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls (co-PCBs) also have dioxin-like activity and are released from incinerators. Therefore, the present study was aimed at making a risk assessment about dioxin-like activity in extracts of thermal waste residues (e.g. combustion gas; fly ash, slag) from incineration and melting processes in Germany and Japan. For this purpose, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls (co-PCBs), polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) and polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were analyzed by chemical analysis. Additionally, 2, 3, 7, 8-TCDD equivalents (EROD-TEQs) were determined by in vitro Micro-EROD bioassay using rat H4IIE hepatoma cells. EROD-TEQs could be correlated to I-TEQ values (from PCDD/Fs/co-PCBs) analyzed by chemical analysis resulting in a maximal sixfold higher estimate. Our study indicates minor influences of co-PCBs, PAHs and PCNs to the sum of dioxin-like toxicity in the extracts of thermal waste residues as determined here. Furthermore, we showed that the levels of dioxins and co-PCBs contained in slag from melting processes and bottom ashes from incineration processes were lower by 1-2 orders of magnitude than that in fly ash.     

Environmental prospection for PCDD/PCDF, PAH, PCB and heavy metals around the incinerator power plant of Reggio Emilia town (Northern Italy) and surrounding main roads

Samples of soil, sediment and pine needles from the Reggio Emilia area were analysed in order to estimate the environmental pollution caused by an MSWI. PCDD/PCDF, PCB, PAH and metals were analysed in the collected samples. The data obtained showed relatively low pollution levels. Indeed, the PCDD/PCDF and PCB data were comparable to the values usually found in the grazing areas of the European Union countries. Metal concentrations in soils and sediments may be related to local geological occurrences and to agricultural activities. PAH values are significantly lower than the limit values set by the Italian law.     

Metallic-phase lead in slag of municipal solid waste incineration ash and leaching characteristics

Metallic phases in slags and their influence on the leaching characteristics were investigated. The proportions of metallic phase in four slags were 0.028%, 0.24%, 1.87%, and 3.05% by weight. The lead content was 10–248 mg/kg in bulk slag after metal removal, while in the metallic phase it was 579–7390 mg/kg. Lead concentrations in the metallic phase were more than ten times higher than in slags after metal removal. Lead was distributed in the metallic phase at 2.0%, 8.3%, 10.3%, and 47.4%. The concentrations of all metallic elements in metallic phases were much higher than in bulk slag. Iron, copper, and nickel had accumulated in magnetic metals, while aluminum and zinc were found in nonmagnetic metals. As regards chromium, manganese, lead, and tin, the proportion of metallic phases depended on the slag samples. By removing metallic phases, both water and pH 4 leachable lead decreased. The basic principles of melting residues containing lead are the separation of lead as a metal in reductive melting, and the containment of lead ions into uniform glassy particles in oxidization melting. Melting slag can be seen to contribute to environmental preservation by facilitating the recycling of materials through the separation of metals from melting slag. Received: February 21, 2000 / Accepted: July 27, 2000     

Detoxifying PCDD/Fs and heavy metals in fly ash from medical waste incinerators with a DC double arc plasma torch

Medical waste incinerator (MWI) fly ash is regarded as a highly toxic waste because it contains high concentrations of heavy metals anddioxins, including polychlorinateddibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinateddibenzofurans (PCDFs). Therefore fly ash from MWI must be appropriately treated before beingdischarged into the environment. A melting process based on adirect current thermal plasma torch has beendeveloped to convert MWI fly ash into harmless slag. The leaching characteristics of heavy metals in fly ash and vitrified slag were investigated using the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure, while the content of PCDD/Fs in the fly ashes and slags was measured using method 1613 of the US EPA. The experimental results show that thedecomposition rate of PCDD/Fs is over 99% in toxic equivalent quantity value and the leaching of heavy metals in the slag significantlydecreases after the plasma melting process. The produced slag has a compact and homogeneous microstructure withdensity of up to2.8 g/cm3 .