垃圾焚烧炉燃烧过程的优化控制策略

焚烧炉控制旨在使城市垃圾经处理后达到无害化、减量化和资源化的目标,既有利于环境保护,也有良好的社会经济效益。针对垃圾焚烧过程中由于燃烧对象复杂性导致的控制难题,提出了一种对垃圾焚烧系统实施优化控制的仿人智能控制策略。研究出稳定燃烧评判指标、控制模型、工程控制算法,并进行仿真试验。系统仿真试验结果表明:仿人智能控制策略鲁棒性强、控制品种好,是一种有效的控制策略。     

PCDD/DFs and coplanar PCBs in fly ash samples from various types of incinerators in Taiwan

Polychlorinated dibenzo‐p‐dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/DFs) and coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls (Co‐PCBs) were determined in fly ash samples from municipal solid waste (MSW), medical waste (MW), and electricity power plant incinerators in Taiwan. The average concentrations of PCDD/DFs and Co‐PCBs are 7.02 ng‐TEQ/g and 1.06 ng‐TEQ/g, respectively. The contributions to total TEQ are 24% from PCDDs, 64% from PCDFs, and 12% from Co‐PCBs, indicating that PCDFs generate the highest environmental impact and MSW and MW incinerators are potential Co‐PCBs contaminating sources. The levels of PCDD/DFs and Co‐PCBs found in ash samples increase from petroleum‐fired, coal‐fired, large municipal solid waste, small medical waste, to small municipal solid waste incinerators, and are generally lower than those from incinerators built earlier. All fly ash samples analyzed in this study were considered hazardous materials. More research is suggested to establish the relationship between the amounts of PCDD/DFs and Co‐PCBs in fly ash and in flue gas.     

垃圾焚烧发电厂循环流化床焚烧炉优化改造

针对垃圾焚烧发电厂循环流化床焚烧炉存在的炉膛内部受热面吸热份额较大和受返料器影响的问题,重点进行减少掺煤量的焚烧炉燃烧室优化改造,进一步控制污染排放,达到节能降耗,取得了较好的经济效益。     

城市生活垃圾焚烧灰渣浸出试验

选择了城市生活垃圾焚烧炉渣中8种含量高、危害大的金属元素进行了静态和动态浸出性试验。结果表明,钙含量和温度是影响有害金属离子溶出的主要因素。对8种金属离子的浸出率和迁移规律进行了排序和分析,为灰渣安全处理和合理利用提供了科学依据。     

焚烧在城市固体废弃物堆肥填埋中的配套应用

城市生活固体废弃物已严重污染了城市环境，影响了市容布貌，影响子投资环境，因此，焚烧作为城市生活固体废物的一种处理方法，已愈来愈受到人们的关注。本文将系统阐述焚烧的有关热工计算，焚烧工艺及焚烧装置，目的是给环保工作者在实际工程中以参考。     

煤炭自燃倾向性试验研究及指标气体优选

通过对新鲜煤样和氧化煤样的热解实验,研究萍乡矿业集团某煤矿煤自燃发火特性,测定实验煤样在不同热解温度下O2,N2,CO,CO2等及其他碳氢化合物的浓度,具体分析了O2,CO,CO2,CH4,C3H6浓度随温度变化特性。在实验和研究的基础上,结合指标气体选择的一般原则,讨论了用于萍乡矿业集团某煤矿预测、预报煤炭自燃发火的指标气体,对提高煤炭早期自燃预测、预报的准确度和防止矿井火灾有重要指导意义。     

超临界CO_2流体环境中线路板的热分析

在无氧环境中,当温度加热到300℃以上时,线路板中的粘接材料(溴化环氧树脂)就会发生热解反应,这是利用热解法回收废旧线路板的理论依据.在超临界CO2流体环境中,当温度达到260℃时,线路板中的环氧树脂也会发生不完全热解反应.本文建立了高温高压下线路板的热分析模型,并对线路板内部的热应力进行研究,发现其对整个反应过程起到了一定的推动作用.     

典型固体废物焚烧飞灰的污染物特性研究

采用成分分析法和毒性监测法系统分析了来源于6类典型固体废物焚烧飞灰的污染物特性．研究表明,6类固体废物焚烧飞灰的主要组成元素有Si、 Ca、 Al、 Fe、 K、 Na、 Cl等．各重金属成分中,Zn是受试飞灰（除LS飞灰）中含量最高的重金属元素,范围在2100～32100 mg/kg,均值达9458 mg/kg;元素Cd、 Zn、 Cu、 Cr、 Ni、 Pb、 As平均值则分别为土壤中的各元素含量的642、 127、 22、 18、 15、 10、 2倍．国标硫酸硝酸法和TCLP浸出程序对飞灰中的重金属浸出率普遍偏低,仅其中2类工业废物焚烧飞灰在TCLP法下超出鉴别限值;虽然受试飞灰中二英类物质（PCDD/Fs）毒性当量均低于危险废物毒性物质含量鉴别(GB 5085.6-2007)有关二英类物质规定,但与浙江省部分地区污染土壤中的平均二英毒性当量进行比较,HZ、 WZ、 NB、 TZ和HUZ飞灰分别为其105、 59、 401、 369和5倍,除LS飞灰外其余5种飞灰的毒性当量值要大大高于加拿大、 新西兰和瑞典的土壤中二英的指导值．本研究结果说明不同焚烧厂飞灰化学组成存在很大差异;焚烧废物成分对飞灰中的重金属元素有一定的影响,但焚烧工艺过程是影响固体废物焚烧飞灰中重金属和二英分布和丰度的最主要因素．因此,无论是生活垃圾还是工业危险废物的焚烧飞灰均具有很大的潜在环境风险,处理或利用前必须对其性质进行充分调研．     

PCDD/Fs in soil around a hospital waste incinerator: comparison after three years of operation

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) can be formed during the cooling of flue gases in waste incinerator. These pollutants are either in the gas phase or attached to the fine particles, escaping dust collection. After stack emission, they are slowly oxidized photochemically (gas phase), or eventually are deposited (dry and wet deposition of particulate) in earth surface. In 2007 and 2010, 11 soil samples were collected in the vicinity of a hospital waste incinerator (HWI), prior and after its startup. In order to find out any variation of PCDD/Fs in soil, in brief dioxins, their concentrations were analyzed by high-resolution gas chromatography with high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS). Compared to the baseline survey (2007), PCDD/Fs in soil significantly increased, by average, +81.6% in total PCDD/Fs and +132.7% in international toxic equivalency (I-TEQ) unit. By principal component analysis (PCA), both the PCDD/Fs homologue and the HxCDF isomer profile in soil were found to become more similar with fly ash. Generally, this incinerator influences the soil only in a limited area. More comprehensive supervision, stricter management and more advanced technology should be implemented in this plant to reduce pollutants emission, even though the level of PCDD/Fs in soil is quite low at present.     

Chemical speciation and mobility of heavy metals in municipal solid waste incinerator fly ash

Chemical speciation is a significant factor that govems the toxicity and mobility of heavy metals in municipal solid waste incinerator fly ash. Sequential extraction procedure is applied to fractionate heavy metals( Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, and Cr) into five defined groups: exchangeable, carbonate, Fe-Mn oxide, organic, and residual fractions. The mobility of heavy metals is also investigated with the aid of toxicity characteristic leaching procedure. In the fly ash sample, Pb is primarily presented in the carbonate (51%) and exchangeable(20% ) fractions; Cd and Zn mainly exist as the exchangeable(83% and 49% respectively) ; Cu is mostly contained in the last three fractions(totally 87% ) ; and Cr is mainly contained in the residual fraction(62% ). Pb, Zn and Cd showed the high mobility in the investigation, thus might be of risk to the natural environment when municipal solid waste incinerator fly ash is landfilled or reutilized.