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41.
Cultivated and settlement areas were studied in a small area (14 km2) in South Wollo, Ethiopia, by aerial photos, satellite images, field observations and interviews. Areas for cultivation/rural settlement decreased a few per cent between 1958 and 2013. Cultivated land per household slowly decreased in 1958–2003 but in 2003–2013 the annual decrease was 3–4 times higher. New farm buildings are often built on cultivated land, and abandoned buildings areas return to cultivation. Rainwater harvesting ponds have increased the areas with perennial crops that are important as a source of income. Tin roofed buildings are signs of improved livelihood. Very small farm size and rain-dependent agriculture combined with climate variability make food security vulnerable. Land-use inventories including remote sensing and local knowledge would be a valuable approach to assess livelihood needs. Further, it should involve decision makers at different levels, but local agricultural extension officers may play a central role. 相似文献
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Rainwater samples were collected from Tamale town in the 1997 and 1998 rainy seasons. During this period road construction in the Tamale area resulted in the generation of suspended dust in the atmosphere. Analysis of the samples for major ions showed elevated levels of Cl–. Ion ratios with Cl– (Na+/Cl–, K+/Cl–, Ca2+/Cl–/Cl– Mg2+/Cl– and SO4
2–/Cl–) in rainwater samples were higher than the corresponding ratios in seawater. Some samples also showed elevated concentrations of Fe, Mn, Al and Zn, all of which except Zn showed a correlation with the dry periods between rainfall events. Consequently, it was concluded that dust generated from lateritic soils was probably the major cause of the increase in concentration of these metals. Aluminium and Fe concentrations were observed to be higher than the World Health Organization drinking water guide limits. 相似文献
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黄土高原半干旱区雨水利用与可持续农业发展研究 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
黄土高原半干旱区是一个特定的生态类型和重要的农业区域 ,严重的水土流失和频繁的干旱是该区农业可持续发展的主要制约因素。本文在分析雨水利用可行性的基础上 ,提出了农业发展的有效模式———集水型生态农业 ,它不仅适应于当地的雨水等自然资源条件 ,更适应生产力发展水平 ,易于在农户水平上推广 ,并且具有显著的经济、生态和社会效益 ,是实现该区农业可持续发展的战略性举措 ,同时也为“退耕还林 (草 )”开发战略的实施提供了一个思路 相似文献
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于2020年6~9月在黄海近岸城市青岛采集31场降水69个样品,分析其中总磷(TP)、溶解态总磷(DTP)及溶解态无机磷(DIP)和有机磷(DOP),探讨P浓度和溶解度的变化特征及其影响因素.降水中TP浓度为(6.2±1.0)μg/L,DTP浓度为(3.8±0.6)μg/L,P溶解度为(64.8±18.0)%.DTP中以DIP为主,其贡献为(56.5±21.6)%.降水中TP和DTP与降水量呈负幂指数关系,TP清除指数大于DTP.降水量<10mm时,降水对气溶胶P的清除和稀释作用显著影响降水中P浓度,但降水量>40mm时,这种作用对P浓度的影响不大.降水对气溶胶P的清除作用以云下清除为主,占总清除效率的70%~85%.酸化作用显著促进降水中颗粒态P溶解,且无机P溶解效率高于有机P.对降雨量<5mm及>30mm降水,pH值是影响P溶解度的主要因素,降水量和气团来源对P溶解度也有一定影响.当pH值相近时,降水量越大,P溶解度越高;当pH值相近且降水量<5mm时,海洋源贡献越大,P溶解度越高.对降水量5~30mm的降水,P溶解度受到降水量、pH值及气团来源等因素的共同影响. 相似文献
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二氧化氮(NO_2)和硝酸(HNO_3)是大气中的酸性含氮污染气体,是形成气溶胶和雨水硝态氮的重要前体物质,在高强度的大气氮氧化物排放下,我国亚热带稻区农业生态系统大气NO_2、HNO_3气体及气溶胶、雨水硝态氮污染特征及其干湿沉降量尚不清楚.本研究选取我国亚热带丘陵区一个典型双季稻区,对大气中NO_2-N、HNO_3-N、气溶胶和雨水硝态氮浓度及相关气象因子进行了同步监测,旨在明确大气NO_2-N、HNO_3-N及气溶胶、雨水硝态氮浓度特征及其影响因素,并定量其干湿沉降量.结果表明,大气中NO_2-N、HNO_3-N、大气颗粒物PM_(10)中NO_3~--N_p、雨水中NO_3~--N_r年均浓度分别为4.2μg·m~(-3)、0.7μg·m~(-3)、4.0μg·m~(-3)和1.0 mg·L~(-1),年氮沉降量分别为1.5、3.2、2.3和6.1 kg·hm~(-2).NO_2-N浓度与气温呈负相关;HNO_3-N浓度与风速呈负相关;NO_3~--N_p浓度与气温呈负相关,与NO_2-N浓度呈正相关,与HNO_3-N浓度未显著相关,表明NO_2-N浓度在本研究区域是形成NO_3~--N_p污染的重要限制因子;NO_3~--N_r浓度与降雨量呈负相关,与HNO_3-N浓度和NO_3~--N_p浓度呈正相关.本研究区域大气中NO_2-N、HNO_3-N、NO_3~--N_p及雨水NO_3~--N_r年总干湿沉降量为13.0 kg·hm~(-2),是稻田重要的氮素来源,对稻田及周边生态系统的影响不容忽视. 相似文献
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选取淮南城区6种不同下垫面,研究了自然降雨和径流雨水随降雨历时和径流历时的水质变化,并探讨了降雨强度对初期径流水质的影响和径流污染物之间的相关性。研究表明:初期自然降雨和初期径流污染较为严重,随着降雨历时和径流历时的延长,自然降雨和径流雨水污染程度均逐渐降低并趋于稳定,且径流雨水中SS与其他污染物之间具有良好的正相关性;不同下垫面径流雨水水质具有一定差异,屋面径流雨水明显好于路面径流雨水;降雨强度对初期径流水质具有较大影响,降雨强度越大,初期径流雨水污染越严重。 相似文献
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Jennifer Steffen Mark Jensen Christine A. Pomeroy Steven J. Burian 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2013,49(4):810-824
This article presents an analysis of the projected performance of urban residential rainwater harvesting systems in the United States (U.S.). The objectives are to quantify for 23 cities in seven climatic regions (1) water supply provided from rainwater harvested at a residential parcel and (2) stormwater runoff reduction from a residential drainage catchment. Water‐saving efficiency is determined using a water‐balance approach applied at a daily time step for a range of rainwater cistern sizes. The results show that performance is a function of cistern size and climatic pattern. A single rain barrel (190 l [50 gal]) installed at a residential parcel is able to provide approximately 50% water‐saving efficiency for the nonpotable indoor water demand scenario in cities of the East Coast, Southeast, Midwest, and Pacific Northwest, but <30% water‐saving efficiency in cities of the Mountain West, Southwest, and most of California. Stormwater management benefits are quantified using the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Storm Water Management Model. The results indicate that rainwater harvesting can reduce stormwater runoff volume up to 20% in semiarid regions, and less in regions receiving greater rainfall amounts for a long‐term simulation. Overall, the results suggest that U.S. cities and individual residents can benefit from implementing rainwater harvesting as a stormwater control measure and as an alternative source of water. 相似文献