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131.
Byron K. Williams 《Environmental and Ecological Statistics》2001,8(3):269-288
Wildlife management is limited by uncontrolled and often unrecognized environmental variation, by limited capabilities to observe and control animal populations, and by a lack of understanding about the biological processes driving population dynamics. In this paper I describe a comprehensive framework for management that includes multiple models and likelihood values to account for structural uncertainty, along with stochastic factors to account for environmental variation, random sampling, and partial controllability. Adaptive optimization is developed in terms of the optimal control of incompletely understood populations, with the expected value of perfect information measuring the potential for improving control through learning. The framework for optimal adaptive control is generalized by including partial observability and non-adaptive, sample-based updating of model likelihoods. Passive adaptive management is derived as a special case of constrained adaptive optimization, representing a potentially efficient suboptimal alternative that nonetheless accounts for structural uncertainty. 相似文献
132.
Sandrine?PavoineEmail author Sylvain?Dolédec 《Environmental and Ecological Statistics》2005,12(2):125-138
Many methods that study the diversity within hierarchically structured populations have been developed in genetics. Among them, the analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) (Excoffier et al., 1992) has the advantage of including evolutionary distances between individuals. AMOVA is a special case of a far more general statistical scheme produced by Rao (1982a; 1986) and called the apportionment of quadratic entropy (APQE). It links diversity and dissimilarity and allows the decomposition of diversity according to a given hierarchy. We apply this framework to ecological data showing that APQE may be very useful for studying diversity at various spatial scales. Moreover, the quadratic entropy has a critical advantage over usual diversity indices because it takes into account differences between species. Finally, the differences that can be incorporated in APQE may be either taxonomic or functional (biological traits), which may be of critical interest for ecologists. 相似文献
133.
松嫩平原西部不同土地覆被水盐动态对比研究 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
通过对6种土地覆被2003年6~10月水盐时空动态进行分析,对比不同土地覆被水盐动态变化差异,结果发现:采样期内,不同土地覆被(碱斑地除外)0-120cm剖面含水量均出现明显峰值,大豆地和羊草草地在7月底出现峰值,玉米地和向日葵地在8月初,退化草地则在8月底才达到,比羊草草地滞后了一个月。除羊草草地外,其他土地覆被剖面含水量变化呈W型,只是波动幅度各不相同。采样期内,羊草草地剖面含水量的相对变率最大,为74%,其他依次为退化草地、大豆地、向日葵地、玉米地,碱斑地最低,仅为6.4%。相对于农田土地覆被,在0~40cm,羊草草地、退化草地和碱斑地随盐渍化程度的加重,含盐量剖面变异逐渐减小,而农田的三种土地覆被之间变异比较接近。整个采样期,向日葵地储盐量随时间的变化呈下降趋势,其他土地覆被波动变化一致,都经历了下降-上升-下降过程,但波动幅度不同,且羊草草地在7月7日出现上升,其他4种土地覆被在9月8日开始出现滞后于含水量的变化。相对于采样初期,不同土地覆被含盐量的相对变率均为负值,农田的下降幅度大,草地次之,碱斑地最小。协方差分析表明:95%置信度下,土地覆被、土壤剖面和两者的交互作用对含盐量的影响差异显著。 相似文献
134.
实验水系统中,植物生长调节剂多效唑在鲤科类金鱼体内分布、积累的研究结果表明,^3H-MET主要积累在鱼体消化系统;各器官/组织的积累量依次为:肠>肝>鳃>皮>肉>骨;多效唑效生物积累因子(BCF)和鱼体类脂质含量之间有较高的正相关性。 相似文献
135.
136.
惠州绿化乔木叶片及其叶面降尘对大气SO2污染的生物监测 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
采用常规采样及碱片挂片法同步监测广东省惠州市大气SO2体积分数,用ICP-AES测定了惠州市不同功能区的2种主要绿化树种大叶榕(Ficus virens Ait var.sublanceolata(Miq.) Corner)、紫荆(Bauhinia blakeana)叶片及其叶面降尘的硫质量分数。结果表明,不同功能区植物叶片和降尘的硫质量分数差异显著,其综合污染指数(PI)以商业交通区、工业区、居住区、清洁区的趋势递减。叶片中硫的质量分数随春、夏、秋季而增长,季节差异显著。植物叶片、降尘中硫质量分数随交通流量的减少而降低。叶片和叶面降尘中硫的质量分数与大气硫酸盐化速率三者显著相关,大叶榕和紫荆与降尘协同生物监测大气SO2的二元数学模型的相关系数分别为R=0.995和R=0.990,明显优于植物与硫酸盐化速率监测SO2的常规一元数学模型。表明大叶榕、紫荆叶片及其叶面降尘均可作为城市区域大气SO2污染的有效指示剂,叶片的长期效益和季节效益显著,降尘则短期效益显著;两者协同监测,可靠性和灵敏度更高,应用前景广阔,可为地方和区域环境监测和评价提供参考。 相似文献
137.
糯小麦回交改良群体中Wx基因的遗传和品质效应 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
在基因型鉴定的基础上,利用糯小麦杂交后代BC5F2代回交改良群体研究了各基因缺失对降低直链淀粉含量的效果和各基因合成直链淀粉的能力,以及直链淀粉含量与农艺性状、品质性状、淀粉糊化特性等的相关性。研究发现,在Wx基因的所有8种基因型之间,直链淀粉含量差异显著;研究单缺失基因型发现,对直链淀粉含量减少效应最大的是Wx-B1b,减少效应最小的是Wx-A1b,而Wx-B1b和Wx-D1b没有显著差异;研究双缺失基因型发现,Wx基因合成直链淀粉的能力以Wx-B1a最高,Wx-A1a最低,而Wx-B1a和Wx-D1a差异很小.直链淀粉含量与株高、穗长、小穗数、穗粒数、千粒重等农艺性状相关不显著,表明淀粉品质育种可以与高产育种实现有机结合.直链淀粉含量与SDS-沉降值呈显著负相关(r=-0.726),说明直链淀粉含量降低在一定程度上有利于提高小麦营养与加工品质.全糯类型的淀粉糊化特性与其他类型显著不同,具有最高的峰值粘度和稀懈值,最低的低谷粘度、最终粘度、反弹值、峰值时间、糊化温度、起始糊化温度,表明糯小麦淀粉在食品和工业上具有特殊用途;稀懈值与直链淀粉含量呈极显著负相关(r=-0.969),其它粘度参数与直链淀粉含量呈显著正相关(最终粘度r=0.797,低谷粘度r=0.910、反弹值r=0.954、峰值时间r=0.970、糊化温度r=0.962、起始糊化温度r=0.932).表5参37 相似文献
138.
A review of the chemical ecology of the Cerambycidae (Coleoptera) 总被引:15,自引:0,他引:15
Summary. This review summarizes the literature related to
the chemical ecology of the Cerambycidae and provides a
brief overview of cerambycid biology, ecology, economic
significance, and management. Beetles in the family
Cerambycidae have assumed increasing prominence as pests
of forest and shade trees, shrubs, and raw wood products, and
as vectors of tree diseases. Exotic species associated with
solid wood packing materials have been notable tree killers
in North American urban and peri-urban forests. In forested
ecosystems native species respond to disturbances such as
fires and windstorms, and initiate the biodeterioration of
woody tissue. Eggs are laid by females, on or through the
bark surface of stem and branch tissue of moribund, recently
killed or decomposing woody plants; larval cerambycids
(roundheaded woodborers) typically feed in the phloem and
later in the xylem. Females will also, in some cases, select
living hosts, e.g. adult conifer and angiosperm trees, for
oviposition. Research on the chemical ecology of over 70
species has revealed many examples of attractive kairomones
(such as floral volatiles, smoke volatiles, trunk and leaf
volatiles, and bark beetle pheromones), repellents and
deterrents, oviposition stimulants, short- and long-range sex
pheromones, and defensive substances. Emerging generalities
are that attractants tend to be monoterpenoids and phenolic
esters; oviposition stimulants are monoterpenoids and
flavanoids; short-range sex pheromones are female-produced,
methyl-branched cuticular hydrocarbons; and
long-range sex pheromones are male-produced -hydroxy
ketones and (,)-diols ranging in length from 6 to 10 carbons.
The latter compounds appear to originate from glands
in the male thorax; putative defensive substances originate
from metasternal secretory pores or mandibular glands. In
one unusual case, a flightless, subterranean female that
attacks sugar cane produces a sex pheromone that is derived
from the amino acid isoleucine. With significantly more than
35,000 species of Cerambycidae worldwide, these generalities
will be subject to change as more species are examined.
Addendum
The authors would like to point out that the electronic version
is more accurate than the printed version. 相似文献
139.
Adsorption of hydrophobic contaminants at the particle/water interface is one of the key processes controlling their fate in the aquatic environment. The sorption of the natural female hormones oestrone and 17-oestradiol has been studied under simulated riverine conditions. Both the kinetics and the effects of varying fundamental environmental parameters (e.g. sediment properties) on the thermodynamic equilibrium partition coefficient (K
p) have been studied in continuous and batch sorption experiments, respectively. Results showed that the sorption of oestrone and 17-oestradiol by sediment was relatively slow, reaching equilibrium in 50 days. In addition, relatively small adsorption of both oestrone and 17-oestradiol onto the sediment was observed, with K
p values between 200 and 250 mL g–1. The comparable K
p values of the two compounds reflect their structural similarity. It can be concluded that the two endocrine disruptors, oestrone and 17-oestradiol remain primarily in association with the aqueous phase. 相似文献
140.