基于环境会计视角的分散式污水再生利用工程综合评价研究

为促进分散式污水再生利用工程的快速发展,提出了基于环境会计视角的分散式污水再生利用工程综合评价体系及模型,通过采用模糊综合评价模型对西安某高校分散式污水再生利用工程进行分析,得出的结论是,该类项目具有较好的经济效益,同时又可改善环境,促进社会的可持续发展。     

不同干扰强度对滩涂围垦区土壤颗粒组成的时空分异特征的影响

滩涂是陆地与海洋间重要的生态交错带以及生态系统之一,随着沿海地区经济的发展,滩涂围垦成为缓解区域土地利用压力的重要途径之一。论文通过对不同围垦年限以及不同人类干扰强度下土壤粒径分布（Particle Size Distribution）的时空差异研究,比较了自然演变和人类活动双重影响下,垦区环境的变化过程及影响因素。结果表明：1）在60 a的围垦过程中,在强烈、中度和无人类干扰强度下,土壤粒径分布均表现出在脱盐过程中随围垦年限增加而砂粒减少、粉粒和粘粒增加的过程,脱盐后砂粒的年均下降率可达0.72%;2）在无干扰强度下,土壤粒径分布反映出滩涂围垦和脱离海水影响的自然过程,而强烈和中度干扰强度则在此基础上反映出人为和自然干扰的综合效果;3）耕种方式、时间以及土壤侵蚀等因素均会对土壤粒径分布的变化强度造成影响而表现出显著的空间差异性;4）土壤粒径的时空分布可以综合反映出滩涂围垦区的环境特点,对指导垦区内土地资源的合理开发利用具有重要意义。在长期的围垦过程中,不同的开发利用时间及区位表现出了不同的关键影响因素,使垦区内土地利用格局和资源配置仍存在诸多不合理之处,随之带来相应的环境问题必须引起重视,为未来滩涂围垦区的合理规划提供理论依据。     

Past desertification processes of Minqin Oasis in arid China

Irrigated farming has affected most natural oases in western China since the Han Dynasty employed advanced agricultural techniques in dryland areas. To date, little is documented about the process through which these oases were modified by human systems. In this study, a multi-disciplinary approach incorporating analysis of historical documents, archaeological field surveys, satellite imagery, and GIS data was used to understand desertification processes in the Minqin Basin in Gansu Province, China, over the historical period. Results suggest that initial reclamation efforts around the Minqin Oasis were launched in the Han Dynasty (121 BC–220 AD) and culminated in the Wei and Jin Dynasty (220–420). During the following 800 years from the Southern and Northern Dynasties (420–581) to the Yuan Dynasty (1271–1368), farmland disappeared and became desert when the region was taken over by nomadic people. The second period of intense development occurred in the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644) and was followed by another more aggressive development in the Qing Dynasty (1644–1911), which resulted in the largest reclaimed area in history. Oases were constantly reclaimed and subsequently abandoned and desertified over the whole historical period. The causes were complex, but the major cause was related to dynastic transition that often resulted in changes in national policies.     

利用浓缩污泥对污水中污染物的连续回收试验

为了回收污水中的有机物、氮和磷以便资源化,在工艺流程为好氧活化-好氧吸附-厌氧释放连续流处理系统中,研究了浓缩污泥对模拟生活污水中污染物的吸附及污泥中污染物的厌氧释放,确定了活化浓缩污泥所需时间,揭示了吸附段HRT对污泥吸附效果的影响及厌氧释放段pH对污泥中污染物释出的影响. 结果表明,污水厂浓缩污泥好氧活化120 min以上即可提高其对污染物的吸附/吸收能力. 控制吸附段HRT为25～50 min和污泥负荷〔N_s,为投配COD_Cr量(kg)/污泥量(kg·d)〕为3～5 kg/(kg·d),系统运行良好. 活化污泥对COD_Cr,NH₄+-N和PO₄3--P的最大去除率分别为86.78%,64.78%和75.5%. 在连续厌氧释放段,pH对各污染物释放的影响不尽相同,在pH为11.0,SRT为3 d的条件下,COD_Cr,NH₄+-N和PO₄3--P分别被浓缩了3.6,1.3和8.4倍.      

正本清源,系统开发整治长江各支流网系的山丘土地

长江流域泥沙问题仍值得重视。长江不同于黄河．黄河年输沙量１６亿ｔ，主要为悬移质；长江多年测得输沙量５．４亿ｔ，这仅是长江的部分泥沙量－悬移质，还有数据不详的推移质随急流滚动位移。防治泥沙的良策是上游绿化造林，但还有很大面积的陡玻耕地，以及紫色土丘陵坡耕地与石灰岩区坡耕地等，仍应重点防护；至于广大的荒山、荒坡，更应多途径合理经营，从各大、小流域；溯江而上到源头径流发生处，采取工程与生物相结合的方法，节节设防，将泥沙来源减少到最低限度。最好利用大坝兴建的空隙期间，有计划有步骤地节节设防，以延长大坝寿命，当地居民亦可获利。     

试论土地复垦学在环境科学中的地位和作用

土地复垦学是一门新兴的综合性应用学科,是土地科学和环境科学的重要分支。本文从土地与环境关系的角度,阐述了土地复垦的必要性,并从土地复垦学的研究对象、任务等方面论述了其在环境科学中的地位和作用。     

The Reuse of Urban and Industrial Waste in Tai-Lin-Pu Reclamation Project, Taiwan

This study introduces the principles of KMG's (Kaoshiung Municipal Government) dealing with the non-poisonous urban and industrial waste through reclamation of shore land in reinforcing a sense of coastal protection and land development in Tai-Lin-Pu coastal area, southern Taiwan.

Through a series of experimental studies, we found that substitutes of coarse aggregate with a broad spectrum of integrating slag powder, fly ash, and cementitious material can be obtained with a benefit up to 80% saving of cement. the integrated aggregates from the non-poisonous industrial wastes were subsequently made into armour units and used in the field tests at Tai-Lin-Pu coastal area, where the shorelines are seriously eroded. After being subjected to several severe typhoon advents, the results showed that the waste-made units used as the protection breakwater, together with construction wastes and excavated soil as the filling material, prove to be an effective practice in utilizing recycled urban waste to reclaim erosive shore lands. Moreover, this study also demonstrates that through detailed analysis of the waste characteristics, scrap material could be turned into valuable construction aggregates, and highlights the value of non-poisonous urban and industrial waste as a alternative resource for the shore protection engineering.     

COD_(Cr)分析废液中银的回收再利用研究

COD_(Cr)分析中使用的硫酸银属于重金属溶液,若直接排入下水道,对环境影响较大,而且也是对贵重金属的浪费。文章对COD_(Cr)分析废液中银的回收进行了实验研究,将废金属银回收,配制成硫酸银溶液回用于实验中,与购买的硫酸银溶液相比,误差在可接受范围内。     

煤矿塌陷区及复垦区的植物修复研究进展

概述了重金属污染的植物修复技术的概念,综述了近年来采煤塌陷区及复垦区的植物修复主要研究进展,探讨了植物修复技术存在的问题及今后的发展方向。     

围填海造成的海岸带生态系统服务损耗的货币化评估技术探讨

从围填海负面生态影响的货币化评估的必要性和重要性入手,基于国内外相关研究的分析,将海岸带生态系统服务划分为两大类,一类是提供物质性产品和条件的供给服务;另一类是提供其他非物质性的服务,包括调节、文化和支持服务,并对供给、调节、文化和支持四类服务各自包含的具体子服务加以识别.在此基础上,针对海岸带生态系统提供的各类服务自身的特点,运用直接市场法、替代市场法、调查评价法和成果参照法,提出了围填海造成的海岸带生态系统服务损害的货币化评估技术选择的基本框架,并构建了四类服务(子服务)损耗货币化的相应评估模型.