省级生态保护红线划定实践研究 ——以青岛市为例

在省级及以上禁止开发区、重点生态功能保护区等进行调查分析的基础上,以青岛市为实践区域,与多类规划衔接,划定青岛市省级生态保护红线.青岛市最终划定59处省级生态保护红线区,面积合计1120.65 km2,占国土面积的9.9%.划定的生态保护红线符合确立"三生"空间和落实"多规合一"的要求,有利于改善生态系统服务功能,保障人居环境安全,增强经济社会可持续发展能力,对于青岛市市级生态保护红线的划定和生态安全格局的构建具有非常重要的意义.     

堆肥化处理TNT红水污染土壤

DNTS[二硝基甲苯磺酸盐,主要包括2,4-DNT-3-SO₃-(2,4-二硝基甲苯-3-磺酸盐)和2,4-DNT-5-SO₃-(2,4-二硝基甲苯-5-磺酸盐]是TNT (2,4,6-三硝基甲苯)红水污染土壤中主要污染物质,为研究堆肥化对土壤中DNTS的降解效果,采用有机废物堆肥方法,探讨堆肥化对TNT红水污染土壤中DNTS降解的可行性,以及温度、含水率和pH变化对降解效果的影响.结果表明,有机废物堆肥能处理TNT红水污染土壤,在堆肥60 d内,5个堆肥体系(猪粪+木屑、猪粪+麦壳、污泥+木屑、污泥+麦壳和马粪+木屑)对2,4-DNT-3-SO₃-的降解率为65.5%~88.4%,对2,4-DNT-5-SO₃-的降解率为60.9%~100%.在第4天各堆肥体系的高温阶段(29.7~53.6℃),5个堆肥化体系中2,4-DNT-3-SO₃-总量的49.5%~67.3%被降解,说明各堆体的中温-高温阶段对有机物的降解起重要作用.堆体含水率随堆肥时间的延长呈下降趋势,在堆肥第8天,外源补水至体系含水率为50%,猪粪+麦壳体系对2,4-DNT-3-SO₃-的降解率从70.2%增至88.4%,说明适当的外源补水可提高2,4-DNT-3-SO₃-的降解率.5个堆肥体系中pH均呈初期上升、后期下降并趋于稳定的趋势,但在整个堆肥过程中,堆体pH始终保持在7.3~8.3之间.研究显示,5个堆肥体系中猪粪+麦壳体系对DNTS的降解率最高,分别为88.4%和100%.      

大型海藻栽培及其在近海环境的生态作用

作为重要自然资源的大型海藻可食用、作为饲料、工业原料和有机肥料,是具有较高价值的商品。因此,世界上许多国家都在大力发展大型海藻栽培业。当前,近海水域营养超负荷是世界上普遍存在的环境问题。一些栽培的大型海藻,生产力很高,在生长过程中可大量吸收N、P营养物质,是海洋环境中重要的生物过滤器。此外,大型海藻在碳循环研究、赤潮控制和维持健康的复合养殖系统方面也有很重要的作用,是非常重要的生态环境材料。为保障近海水安全和生态系统健康,大规模栽培大型海藻是重要的生态对策。     

模拟酸雨影响下红壤中硼的释放特征

为了探明酸雨对红壤中硼释放的影响,了解土壤缺硼机制,采用室内模拟酸雨淋溶土柱的方法,研究了酸雨作用下红壤中硼的释放特征.结果表明,酸雨加速了红壤中硼的淋溶损失.酸雨作用下红壤中硼的释放随淋溶量的变化具有初期阶段减小,中期阶段显著增大和后期阶段又减小的阶段性特点.模拟酸雨的pH值越低,硼的释放量越高.酸雨对硼释放的这种促进作用,一般表现为中期阶段的影响要大于初期和后期阶段的影响.淋出液中硼含量的动态变化与pH值的变化成负相关关系.供试土壤不同,硼的释放强度和释放特征存在一定的差异性,硼的释放强度和特点明显受土壤硼的背景值和土壤对酸缓冲能力的影响.     

华南地区几种常见岩性的水土流失成因与治理措施研究

华南地区是我国经济相对比较发达的地区，随着人口的增长和区域开发进程的加快，水土流失问题日益严重。本文提出了华南地区常见的四种产生水土流失的岩性（花岗岩、石灰岩、紫色砂页岩和红色砂砾岩），并在分析了其产生水土流失的原因的基础上，提出了治理每种岩性水土流失的具体措施。     

超声与紫外光协同氧化法处理染料废水的工艺研究

对超声波、紫外光协同氧化方法处理碱性红B染料废水进行了研究，探讨了水样初始浓度、初始pH值对其脱色效率的影响。并在各条件下，对超声波、紫外光单独作用和两者协同作用下的结果进行了对比。结果表明，超声波与紫外光的协同作用效果明显，染料的降解过程符合准一级动力学方程，在温度30℃、初始浓度50m/L、pH＝1．5、饱和气体为氧气、紫外光波长为253．7nm时，酸性工B经协同处理60min，脱色率可达99．1％。     

Roe and red deer as bioindicators of heavy metals contamination in north-western Poland

The present paper examines the degree of environmental contamination in areas covered by the Natura 2000 programme, located in north-western Poland, with selected heavy metals based on their concentration in target organs of roe and red deer. Lead, cadmium, copper, iron, and zinc concentrations were determined by inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectrometry. Residues of lead and cadmium were found in most of the analysed samples of roe and red deer organs The concentration of cadmium in the organs of the animals studied was much higher than that of lead. The median for Pb in liver and kidneys was 0.055 and 0.092 μg/g dry weight (d.w.) in roe deer, and 0.067 and 0.081 μg/g d.w. in red deer, respectively. The median for liver and kidney cadmium was 0.770 and 6.139 μg/g d.w. in roe deer, and 0.422 and 6.365 μg/g d.w. in red deer, respectively. Our study has demonstrated that this area is laden with lead and cadmium. This is evidenced by the fact that maximum permissible levels of these elements in the organs of red and roe deer, which were used as bioindicators of environmental contamination, were exceeded.     

湘东丘陵区不同类型土壤活性碳组分的剖面分布与差异

土壤活性碳组分是土壤健康变化的指示器。选取湘东丘陵区3种不同母质发育的林地土壤（紫色土、板岩红壤和花岗岩红壤）,研究土壤颗粒有机碳（POC）和溶解性有机碳（DOC）的剖面分布规律,并分析POC、DOC与土壤有机碳（SOC）、土壤质地的关系。结果表明：土壤剖面POC、DOC质量分数分别介于0．29～3．87g·kg。和15．01～311．34mg·kg^-1,随剖面加深而大幅降低。土壤剖面POC储量介于8．61一16．54t·hm^-2,以花岗岩红壤最高,板岩红壤最低;而DOC储量介于380．76～1184．83kg·hm^-2,以板岩红壤最高,紫色土最低。POC占SOC的比例（POC／SOC）介于6．42％～46．25％,其中紫色土和板岩红壤POC／SOC随土层加深而降低,而花岗岩红壤则完全相反。DOC占SOC的比例（DOC／SOC）介于O．35％～3．02％,其中紫色土DOC／SOC随土层加深而降低,板岩红壤与花岗岩红壤DOC／SOC则以B层最高。由此可见,不同母质发育的土壤类型,碳库质量和脆弱程度不一。从维持地力和环境健康的角度,应对不同母质发育的土壤制定不同的开发利用方案。     

Conservation Strategies for Species Affected by Apparent Competition

Apparent competition is an indirect interaction between 2 or more prey species through a shared predator, and it is increasingly recognized as a mechanism of the decline and extinction of many species. Through case studies, we evaluated the effectiveness of 4 management strategies for species affected by apparent competition: predator control, reduction in the abundances of alternate prey, simultaneous control of predators and alternate prey, and no active management of predators or alternate prey. Solely reducing predator abundances rapidly increased abundances of alternate and rare prey, but observed increases are likely short‐lived due to fast increases in predator abundance following the cessation of control efforts. Substantial reductions of an abundant alternate prey resulted in increased predation on endangered huemul (Hippocamelus bisulcus) deer in Chilean Patagonia, which highlights potential risks associated with solely reducing alternate prey species. Simultaneous removal of predators and alternate prey increased survival of island foxes (Urocyon littoralis) in California (U.S.A.) above a threshold required for population recovery. In the absence of active management, populations of rare woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) continued to decline in British Columbia, Canada. On the basis of the cases we examined, we suggest the simultaneous control of predators and alternate prey is the management strategy most likely to increase abundances and probabilities of persistence of rare prey over the long term. Knowing the mechanisms driving changes in species’ abundances before implementing any management intervention is critical. We suggest scientists can best contribute to the conservation of species affected by apparent competition by clearly communicating the biological and demographic forces at play to policy makers responsible for the implementation of proposed management actions. Estrategias de Conservación para Especies Afectadas por Competencia Aparente     

Temporal Analysis of Genetic Structure to Assess Population Dynamics of Reintroduced Swift Foxes

Reintroductions are increasingly used to reestablish species, but a paucity of long‐term postrelease monitoring has limited understanding of whether and when viable populations subsequently persist. We conducted temporal genetic analyses of reintroduced populations of swift foxes (Vulpes velox) in Canada (Alberta and Saskatchewan) and the United States (Montana). We used samples collected 4 years apart, 17 years from the initiation of the reintroduction, and 3 years after the conclusion of releases. To assess program success, we genotyped 304 hair samples, subsampled from the known range in 2000 and 2001, and 2005 and 2006, at 7 microsatellite loci. We compared diversity, effective population size, and genetic connectivity over time in each population. Diversity remained stable over time and there was evidence of increasing effective population size. We determined population structure in both periods after correcting for differences in sample sizes. The geographic distribution of these populations roughly corresponded with the original release locations, which suggests the release sites had residual effects on the population structure. However, given that both reintroduction sites had similar source populations, habitat fragmentation, due to cropland, may be associated with the population structure we found. Although our results indicate growing, stable populations, future connectivity analyses are warranted to ensure both populations are not subject to negative small‐population effects. Our results demonstrate the importance of multiple sampling years to fully capture population dynamics of reintroduced populations. Análisis Temporal de la Estructura Genética para Evaluar la Dinámica Poblacional de Zorros (Vulpes velox) Reintroducidos