硫脲对酸性红壤 pH值与金属元素有效性的影响

通过实验室模拟,研究了不同浓度硫脲与尿素配施后,对酸性红壤的pH值及其金属元素有效性的影响.结果表明,土壤施加尿素后,其pH值有先升高后逐渐下降的趋势,而硫脲与尿素配施后,其pH值的下降趋势会受到抑制,尤其是当硫脲浓度达到5.0 mmol·kg-1时,土壤pH由最初的4.65上升到6.50以上,并在实验的中后期一直维持在6.0以上.硫脲和尿素配施后,Cu的有效态含量受硫脲浓度的影响较小,Zn、Al的有效态含量随着硫脲浓度的升高而降低,Mn的有效态含量在高浓度硫脲下,其含量保持在一个较高的水平,达到110 mg·kg-1以上.对于Cu、Zn和Al来说,在不同浓度硫脲和尿素配施后,其有效态含量与土壤的pH值呈现出明显的负相关.而对于Mn来说,在单施尿素的情况下,其有效态含量与土壤的pH值呈现出负相关,而在施入硫脲后,其有效态含量与土壤pH并没有呈现出明显的规律性.同时,研究结果还表明酸性红壤Al有效性随着土壤pH的升高而减小,当硫脲与尿素配合使用时,短期内土壤pH上升得更高,从而使得酸性红壤中Al的有效性减小.在硫脲和尿素配施后,土壤中Mn的有效态含量并不简单地取决于土壤的pH值,由于硫脲对Mn的络合作用和氧化还原作用,其含量受到土壤pH值和硫脲的共同影响.     

Gemini1231双季铵盐选择性抑制赤潮生物生长的实验

以甲藻门的东海原甲藻、塔玛亚历山大藻、裸甲藻,黄藻门的赤潮异弯藻,硅藻门的中肋骨条藻等典型赤潮生物以及绿藻门的青岛大扁藻和亚心形扁藻2种非赤潮生物为研究对象,探讨了Gemini1231双季铵盐类表面活性剂的抑藻活性.结果表明,该表面活性剂在较低浓度下(0.2～0.5 mg·L^-1时),对东海原甲藻、塔玛亚历山大藻和赤潮异湾藻等赤潮生物的生长表现出了明显的抑制作用.当该双季铵盐的浓度增至0.5 mg·L^-1以上时,对中肋骨条藻的生长也表现出了一定的抑制作用.而在相同浓度范围内,对裸甲藻和所选用的2种非赤潮生物生长的影响不明显,表现出了抑藻作用的选择性.对各海洋微藻的脂肪酸组成分析表明,该表面活性剂的选择性抑藻作用与不同海洋微藻生物膜的脂肪酸组成,尤其是其多不饱和脂肪酸的含量明显相关.     

东海赤潮高发区半分析算法色素浓度反演

为研究赤潮机理和预测预报以减少其危害,根据2002-04东海赤潮调查航次实测资料,得出经验系数,建立方程,发展了东海赤潮高发海区的叶绿素a浓度反演半分析算法.由现场实测数据对算法进行检验,叶绿素a吸收系数a_ph(675)及浓度的反演结果误差基本在30%以内,其中浓度反演结果比较,均方根偏差为0.24,最大相对偏差为40.93%,平均相对偏差为18.83%,相关系数R²为0.83.从检验的结果来看,算法反演的精度较好,对于研究海区相对适用.     

Species Inequality in Scientific Study

Abstract: Some conservationists argue for a focused effort to protect the most critically endangered species, and others suggest a large‐scale endeavor to safeguard common species across large areas. Similar arguments are applicable to the distribution of scientific effort among species. Should conservation scientists focus research efforts on threatened species, common species, or do all species deserve equal attention? We assessed the scientific equity among 1909 mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians of southern Africa by relating the number of papers written about each species to their status on the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List. Threatened large mammals and reptiles had more papers written about them than their nonthreatened counterparts, whereas threatened small mammals and amphibians received less attention than nonthreatened species. Threatened birds received an intermediate amount of attention in the scientific literature. Thus, threat status appears to drive scientific effort among some animal groups, whereas other factors (e.g., pest management and commercial interest) appear to dictate scientific investment in particular species of other groups. Furthermore, the scientific investment per species differed greatly between groups—the mean number of papers per threatened large mammal eclipsed that of threatened reptiles, birds, small mammals, and amphibians by 2.6‐, 15‐, 216‐, and more than 500‐fold, respectively. Thus, in the eyes of science, all species are not created equal. A few species commanded a great proportion of scientific attention, whereas for many species information that might inform conservation is virtually nonexistent.     

An application of economic choice experiments to a traditional land use—deer hunting and landscape change in the Scottish Highlands

Stalking (deer hunting) is an important land use and activity in the Scottish Highlands, and deer managers have traditionally maintained large numbers of female deer in order to supply a guaranteed number of stags for stalking. Unfortunately, grazing by large numbers of deer conflicts with environmental objectives that are seeking to improve upland habitats and increase the area of native Caledonian Pine forest. This study uses a multi-attribute choice experimental approach to quantify the various characteristics of the stalking experience to determine the value that amateur stalkers attach to the stag numbers, the landscape and other attibutes. Unlike previous applications of stated preference, a large proportion (one-third) of a full factorial design is used to present stalkers with different alternative stalking packages within a postal survey. The results indicate a way forward that could be agreeable to both deer managers and conservationists.     

大巴山区自然资源及其开发利用

大巴山地处川、陕、渝的接合部,大气质量较好;由于特殊的地质构造,这里矿产资源较丰富;生物资源极其丰富,局部保存有原始森林,具有重要的科研、经济价值;旅游资源也极其丰富,是开展生态旅游和红色旅游的极好地区.     

赤潮的预测与控制对策

近年来,我国沿海地区越来越频繁的赤潮对水域环境与海水养殖业等造成了严重破坏。本文从赤潮发生的条件入手,分析了赤潮的预测方法,并提出了相应的对策。     

AUTUMN CHEMISTRY OF OREGON COAST RANGE STREAMS1

ABSTRACT: During an autumn runoff event we sampled 48 streams with predominantly forested watersheds and igneous bedrock in the Oregon Coast Range. The streams had acid neutralizing capacities (ANC) > 90 μeq/L and pH > 6.4. Streamwater Na ⁺, Ca^{2 +}, and Mg^{2 +} concentrations were greater than K ⁺ concentrations. Anion concentrations generally followed the order of Cl^- > NO₃^- > SO₄^2-. Chloride and Na ⁺ concentrations were highest in samples collected in streams near the Pacific Ocean and decreased markedly as distance from the coast increased. Sea salt exerted no discernible influence on stream water acid-base status during the sampling period. Nitrate concentrations in the study streams were remarkably variable, ranging from below detection to 172 μeq/L. We hypothesize that forest vegetation is the primary control of spatial variability of the NO₃^- concentrations in Oregon Coast Range streams. We believe that symbiotic N fixation by red alder in pure or mixed stands is the primary source of N to forested watersheds in the Oregon Coast Range.     

RED ALDER LEAF LITTER AND STREAMWATER QUALITY IN WESTERN OREGON1

ABSTRACT: Streamside red alder (Alnus rubra Bong.) stands are common in western Oregon, and they have been suspected of causing water quality problems in domestic supplies during autumn leaf fall. Studies in the Seaside municipal watershed showed potential water quality effects (particularly increased color) from alder leaves, but stream sampling during 1981–82 revealed no chronic problems. The few observed short-term increases in water color occurred near the onset of storm flows, which suggested a flushing of organic matter storage sites. An extended period of unusually low flows and high leaf fall are probably necessary to produce significant water quality problems in this stream system. Laboratory leaching of alder leaves in filtered stream water indicated a fairly constant release of colored organic matter over time, and running water leached this matter more efficiently than still water. Water color increased linearly with increasing leaf mass added to still water, and for a given leaf mass there appeared to be a limit to the amount of colored matter that could be removed in the first 48 hours of leaching. Other laboratory tests showed that ultraviolet absorbance (254 mm) may provide a reasonable estimate of dissolved organic carbon concentrations in systems dominated by alder leaf inputs.