西电东送生态补偿标准初探

西电东送南通道规模不断扩大,电力开发过程导致电力输出地生态环境受损,但西电价格却尚未充分体现生态环境成本,地区之间生态环境利益矛盾日益凸显,亟待生态补偿机制对各方利益关系进行协调.本文从输出地和输入地两个视角出发,综合生态环境损失价值与恢复治理成本两方面内容,对发电各环节的生态补偿进行了估算.输出地视角下,本文区分治理与否两种情况,分别计算生态补偿标准;结合已治理电容比例,计算生态补偿平均额度,并设计低、中、高三套补偿方案.其中,中方案为火电0.134元/kwh,水电0.019元/kwho输入地视角下,本文综合考虑了广东省的电源结构和排污所致边际损失,估算广东省环境收益(意愿支付的生态补偿上限)为0.39元/kwh.按照中方案,西电项目中广东省2010年需支付生态补偿费70.5亿元,而获得的生态环境收益则高达304.7亿元.     

Eco-Environmental Degradation in the Source Region of the Yellow River, Northeast Qinghai-Xizang Plateau

The Yellow River is the second longest river in China and the cradle of the Chinese civilization. The source region of the Yellow River is the most important water holding area for the Yellow River, about 49.2% of the whole runoff comes from this region. However, for the special location, it is a region with most fragile eco-environment in China as well. Eco-environmental degradation in the source region of the Yellow River has been a very serious ecological and socially economic problem. According to census data, historical documents and climatic information, during the last half century, especially the last 30 years, great changes have taken place in the eco-environment of this region. Such changes are mainly manifested in the temporal-spatial changes of water environment, deglaciation, permafrost reduction, vegetation degeneracy and desertification extent, which led to land capacity decreasing and river disconnecting. At present, desertification of the region is showing an accelerating tendency. This paper analyzes the present status of eco-environment degradation in this region supported by GIS and RS, as well as field investigation and indoor analysis, based on knowledge, multi-source data is gathered and the classification is worked out, deals with their natural and anthropogenic causes, and points out that in the last half century the desertification and environmental degradation of this region are mainly attributed to human activities under the background of regional climate changes. To halt further degradation of the environment of this region, great efforts should be made to use land resources rationally, develop advantages animal agriculture and protect the natural grassland.     

国内外不同尺度的旱灾风险评价研究进展

作为旱灾风险管理实践的科学基础,旱灾风险评价愈来愈受到社会各界的广泛关注。在阅读大量文献的基础上,从4个不同的区域尺度对国内外旱灾风险评价研究进展作了综述。结果表明:(1)目前所有区域尺度研究中,农业旱灾风险评价研究较多;(2)地区尺度的旱灾风险评价是研究其他尺度的切入点,可为实现空间尺度上推(全球和国家尺度)和下推(县乡农户尺度)旱灾风险评价结果的转换提供依据;(3)随空间尺度从全球和大洲→国家→地区→地方尺度,旱灾风险评价的文献量逐渐增多,内容逐渐深入;(4)旱灾风险对饥荒和粮食安全的影响、农业系统和农作物承灾体的旱灾风险评价是目前研究的热点。在此基础上,指出旱灾发生频率较低但生态环境敏感区的旱灾风险评价需加强;从干旱灾害链的角度以及综合旱灾风险与脆弱性、恢复性、适应性的关系来研究旱灾风险是今后的重点。     

论生态园林及其建设的基本原则

生态园林是城市绿地建设的新思维,也是生态学具体应用的实践.生态园林建设应遵循生态优先、物种多样性保护和重建、因地制宜、处理好种间关系、建立群落自维持机制、重视生态文化内涵等六要素.     

Ecological impacts of early 21st century agricultural change in Europe – A review

The impacts of agricultural land use are far-reaching and extend to areas outside production. This paper provides an overview of the ecological status of agricultural systems across the European Union in the light of recent policy changes. It builds on the previous review of 2001 devoted to the impacts of agricultural intensification in Western Europe. The focus countries are the UK, The Netherlands, Boreal and Baltic countries, Portugal, Hungary and Romania, representing a geographical spread across Europe, but additional reference is made to other countries. Despite many adjustments to agricultural policy, intensification of production in some regions and concurrent abandonment in others remain the major threat to the ecology of agro-ecosystems impairing the state of soil, water and air and reducing biological diversity in agricultural landscapes. The impacts also extend to surrounding terrestrial and aquatic systems through water and aerial contamination and development of agricultural infrastructures (e.g. dams and irrigation channels). Improvements are also documented regionally, such as successful support of farmland species, and improved condition of watercourses and landscapes. This was attributed to agricultural policy targeted at the environment, improved environmental legislation, and new market opportunities. Research into ecosystem services associated with agriculture may provide further pressure to develop policy that is targeted at their continuous provisioning, fostering motivation of land managers to continue to protect and enhance them.     

近52年来洞庭湖流域气象干旱的时空分布特征

基于洞庭湖流域84个气象站点1962~2013年的逐日气象资料,利用综合干旱指数(CI)对洞庭湖流域气象干旱的时间和空间特征进行分析。结果表明:在过去52 a,区域性干旱强度较强的时段以夏季、秋季、夏秋和秋冬时节为主;区域干旱强度在春季、夏季、夏秋、冬季呈上升趋势;秋冬时节和年干旱强度变化不明显;春夏时节、夏秋时节、秋冬时节和冬春时节的平均干旱强度比春、夏、秋、冬单个季节的平均干旱强度大。小波分析表明,区域干旱强度的周期以10a为主周期,5 a和22 a为次周期。近52 a来,历年干旱站次比主要集中于10%~30%之间,多表现为区域性干旱,以夏季和秋季的干旱范围较大;干旱频率高发时期主要为夏季、夏秋时节和秋季。干旱频率高发地主要以流域的南部山地和北部的洞庭湖平原为主,西北部的山地发生干旱相对较少,衡邵盆地随季节变化干旱频率易发生高低值转换。     

区域性旱涝灾害序列的信息量及分维的研究

本文依据 C· E· Shannon的信息量概念 ,定义了旱涝灾害序列的信息量公式。以安徽省长江、淮河流域的旱 (涝 )灾害序列为例进行了研究 ,初步计算出相应的信息量、信息维 ,并得出如下结论 :1旱 (涝 )序列的信息量随时间是波动的、衰减的 ;2大旱 (大涝 )前信息量增加 ,信息维降低 ;3区域性旱 (涝 )序列的信息维一般在 0 .70～ 0 .90之间     

Monitoring Australian Rangeland Sites Using Landscape Function Indicators and Ground- and Remote-Based Techniques

If the goal for managing rangelands is to achieve a balance between production and conservation, then monitoring is essential to detect change and apply corrective action. In some range-land areas of northern Australia, monitoring has detected a tilt in the production-conservation balance towards excessive production. How big is this imbalance? Can it shift back? Robust monitoring is needed to answer these questions. The aim is to know what to monitor, and where. For example, to detect changes caused by livestock on rangeland forage production and soil erosion, indicators linking grazing disturbances to landscape function are needed, that is, indicators that signal how well landscapes are capturing, concentrating, and utilizing scarce water, nutrient, and organic resources. Studies in Australia and the USA document that simple vegetation and soil patch attributes can be measured as indicators of the 'state of health' of landscape function. For example, field and remote sensing-based grazing studies in Australia document that landscapes with a high cover of perennial plant patches function effectively to capture runoff water and nutrients in sediments, whereas landscapes with a low cover of these patches do not — they are dysfunctional — as indicated by large patches of bare soil. Aerial videography is proving to be a robust technique for measuring indicators of landscape function such as small patches of vegetation and the extent of bare soil. These indicators typically have a sigmoidal response to grazing impacts. We illustrate that if these indicators are measured on monitoring sites established near the sigmoidal 'point of inflection’ then small changes in these indicators can be detected.     

景观生态学方法在生态环境影响评价中的应用研究

采用《环境影响评价技术导则非污染生态影响》(HJ/T 19-1997)推荐的景观生态学评价方法,应用景观生态学的基本原理,通过对景观多样性指数、景观优势度和人工干扰指数等3类景观格局指数的计算及对比,从景观空间结构、异质性、恢复能力等方面,预测建设项目实施对生态环境的影响程度,并提出工程项目建设应注意的问题和采取的措施.