石家庄市农村再生资源回收体系建设的现状、存在问题及对策

石家庄市是再生资源回收体系建设试点城市,再生资源回收利用事业扎实推进,成绩显著,但石家庄市广大农村地区再生资源回收利用网络建设事业发展缓滞。分析了石家庄市农村再生资源回收体系建设的现状和存在的问题,对如何有效地推进农村再生资源回收利用事业发展,更好地促进农村生态文明和社会主义新农村建设提出建议和对策。     

America’s Rivers and the American Experiment1

Doyle, Martin W., 2012. America’s Rivers and the American Experiment. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(4): 820‐837. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2012.00652.x Abstract:  America’s rivers are managed, over long periods of time, based on the most basic ideologies of the United States (U.S.) government. An essential notion of the U.S. government, and thus a necessity of river management, is governing as experiment. This leads to three necessary characteristics of river management: (1) adapting management practices based on experience and thus creating management and agency structures that are highly malleable and that can change directions, (2) overlapping of management roles and responsibilities between agencies which includes intentional redundancy and interagency competition, and (3) federalism — the devolution of responsibilities between national, state, and other unit governments (e.g., municipalities, counties). While these characteristics are often criticized as inefficient, in fact they have provided a surprisingly effective system for river management that has responded to the needs of society at different times and in different places. A key question for river and water resource managers is whether this particular system, so initially unappealing, is best able to meet the future needs of the U.S.     

基于矿产资源租的国内外矿产资源有偿使用制度比较

当前,我国矿产资源领域的制度建设相对滞后.西方市场经济国家经过多年建立起来的矿产资源有偿使用制度,对我国相关制度的建设具有借鉴意义.文章从稀缺租和李嘉图的级差地租的视角出发,对国内外矿产资源有偿使用制度的经济学基础进行了分析,指出了国内外各种矿产资源税费所代表的矿产资源租的含义.在此基础上,梳理出国内外矿产资源税费的对应关系,指出:①我国的资源税、矿产资源补偿费、矿区使用费相当于国外的权利金;②矿业权价款相当于国外的红利;③矿业权使用费相当于国外的矿业权出让金;④石油特别收益金相当于国外的资源租金税;⑤而对应于国外的资源耗竭补贴,我国还没有出台相应的税费.文章建议新的矿产资源有偿使用制度改革方案应达到两点,第一,理顺租、税、费之间的关系;第二,理顺对级差地租和稀缺租的征收,在新古典经济学的框架下,寻求一个对级差地租和稀缺租征收的最优水平,实现国家的资源所有权益,减小社会收入分配不公,补偿外部性和代际成本.     

Integrated Approaches to Natural Resources Management in Practice: The Catalyzing Role of National Adaptation Programmes for Action

The relationship of forests in water quantity and quality has been debated during the past years. At the same time, focus on climate change has increased interest in ecosystem restoration as a means for adaptation. Climate change might become one of the key drivers pushing integrated approaches for natural resources management into practice. The National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) is an initiative agreed under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. An analysis was done to find out how widely ecosystem restoration and integrated approaches have been incorporated into NAPA priority adaptation projects. The data show that that the NAPAs can be seen as potentially important channel for operationalizing various integrated concepts. Key challenge is to implement the NAPA projects. The amount needed to implement the NAPA projects aiming at ecosystem restoration using integrated approaches presents only 0.7% of the money pledged in Copenhagen for climate change adaptation.     

LCA of local strategies for energy recovery from waste in England, applied to a large municipal flow

An intense waste management (WM) planning activity is currently undergoing in England to build the infrastructure necessary to treat residual wastes, increase recycling levels and the recovery of energy from waste. From the analyses of local WM strategic and planning documents we have identified the emerging of three different energy recovery strategies: established combustion of residual waste; pre-treatment of residual waste and energy recovery from Solid Recovered Fuel in a dedicated plant, usually assumed to be a gasifier; pre-treatment of residual waste and reliance on the market to accept the ‘fuel from waste’ so produced. Each energy recovery strategy will result in a different solution in terms of the technology selected; moreover, on the basis of the favoured solution, the total number, scale and location of thermal treatment plants built in England will dramatically change. To support the evaluation and comparison of these three WM strategy in terms of global environmental impacts, energy recovery possibilities and performance with respect to changing ‘fuel from waste’ market conditions, the LCA comparison of eight alternative WM scenarios for a real case study dealing with a large flow of municipal wastes was performed with the modelling tool WRATE. The large flow of waste modelled allowed to formulate and assess realistic alternative WM scenarios and to design infrastructural systems which are likely to correspond to those submitted for approval to the local authorities. The results show that all alternative scenarios contribute to saving abiotic resources and reducing global warming potential. Particularly relevant to the current English debate, the performance of a scenario was shown to depend not from the thermal treatment technology but from a combination of parameters, among which most relevant are the efficiency of energy recovery processes (both electricity and heat) and the calorific value of residual waste and pre-treated material. The contribution and relative importance of recycling and treatment/recovery processes change with the impact category. The lack of reprocessing plants in the area of the case study has shown the relevance of transport distances for recyclate material in reducing the efficiency of a WM system. Highly relevant to the current English WM infrastructural debate, these results for the first time highlight the risk of a significant reduction in the energy that could be recovered by local WM strategies relying only on the market to dispose of the ‘fuel from waste’ in a non dedicated plant in the case that the SRF had to be sent to landfill for lack of treatment capacity.     

安徽经济发展对资源环境的压力分析

目前,安徽省经济已经进入新一轮增长周期的上升阶段,经济发展正面临着重大转折.在快速发展的同时,也面临着诸多挑战,尤其是资源、环境方面的约束进一步加剧.因此,定量研究安徽省目前经济发展所面临的资源环境压力及其产生原因具有一定的现实意义.本文在充分吸收前人研究成果基础上,通过运用经济增长与资源环境压力指数法定量分析安徽省经济发展过程中所面临的资源环境压力,得出1999 -2008年间,安徽省资源环境压力一直偏大,且有不断恶化的趋势.在此基础上,进一步分析了造成安徽资源环境压力偏大的原因——产业结构偏重、环保投入不足等,并提出相关对策建议.     

基于IPAT等式的甘肃省用水影响因素分析

将经典的IPAT等式扩展为包含人口、富裕程度、用水强度和产业结构4种影响因素的用水分析等式;并利用结构分解模型,将4种影响因素对总用水量变化的贡献分解开,得到不同因素对用水变化的影响.利用模型对1999-2008年甘肃省用水状况进行了实证分析,结果表明:富裕程度对用水量的增加效应最大,最高为2003-2004年(21.07×108m3);而人口变化对用水量的增加效应相对较小,均小于1×108m3;尽管用水效率的提高和产业结构的变化都减少用水量,但产业结构变化对用水量变化的贡献比用水效率的贡献小;此外,单纯地提高用水效率或调整产业结构,并不能保证在环境约束下实现社会经济的发展.因此,随着人口和经济规模的不断扩大,为了满足人民群众不断增长的需求,不仅要从提高用水效率、调整产业结构出发,实现水资源的高效优化配置;更重要的是调整发展思路,摆正人和自然的位置,才能真正实现人和自然的和谐发展.     

基于GIS的重庆市再生稻光热资源适宜性区划

根据四川盆地东南部再生稻生长发育、产量形成与气象条件的关系,结合重庆市气候资源特点,指出影响重庆再生稻的主要气候问题是：再生稻生育期间的光热条件、抽穗扬花期的低温阴雨和休眠芽萌发期的高温干旱。以此为基础,本文选取对再生稻生长发育及产量形成影响较大、且分布差异显著的气象因子：生育期间的积温和日照时数作为再生稻气候生态区划指标;在1〖DK〗∶25万DEM的基础上,利用ARCGIS软件计算得到区划指标的空间分布,制作了精细化的重庆市再生稻光热资源适宜性区划,将重庆市再生稻栽培区划分为光温丰富再生稻适宜栽培区、热量丰富光照较丰再生稻适宜栽培区、光照丰富热量较丰再生稻较适宜栽培区和光热较丰再生稻较适宜栽培区4种类型区,对各类型区气候资源和气象灾害特点进行了分区评述;并从再生稻与其它晚秋作物协调发展、年度种植计划制定、高产栽培等方面针对性地提出了对策措施建议,促进了重庆市再生稻生产的健康发展     

抑制城市内涝的有效措施:雨水资源化

频繁发生的城市内涝灾害,成为城市建设管理工作中讫待解决的的重大问题。地面明流超量、城市大量蓄水场地被侵占、城市路面下渗能力降低是引发内涝的主要原因。城市雨水资源化是从雨水源头做起,增加雨水收集利用量,优化排蓄组合,增大渗透量。既有效地实现雨水资源化,又达到减排与缓排洪水流量,抑制城市内涝的目的。     

水资源生态资本化运营探讨

水是生命之源,是基础性的自然资源和战略性的经济资源,水资源生态资本化运营是水资源可持续高效利用的重要基础与支撑条件.本文指出水资源价值实现和增值的关键是水资源生态资本化运营,水资源生态资本化运营的前提条件是水资源生态资产,水资源生态资本化运营的约束条件是生态水权,水资源生态资本化运营的支持条件是生态资本技术,水资源生态资本化运营的保障条件是生态资本市场;并从水资源生态资产评估、水资源生态产权制度建设、水资源生态资本技术内生化创新及水资源生态资本市场培育等方面探讨了水资源生态资本化运营的可行性.