Ethical Codes in Humanitarian Emergencies: From Practice to Research?

Notable strides have been made in recent years to develop codes of conduct for humanitarian intervention in conflicts on the part of international NGOs and UN organisations. Yet engagement by the academic and broader research communities with humanitarian crises and ongoing complex political emergencies remains relatively ad hoc and unregulated beyond the basic ethical guidelines and norms developed within universities for research in general, and within the governing and representative bodies of particular academic disciplines. This paper draws on a case study of research on humanitarian assistance to Liberia during that country's civil war from 1989 to 1996. The difficulties faced by humanitarian agencies in Liberia led to the development of two key sets of ethical guidelines for humanitarian intervention: the Joint Policy of Operations (JPO) and Principles and Policies of Humanitarian Operations (PPHO). This paper seeks to address what lessons, if any, these ethical guidelines, together with different experiences of conducting research in war-torn Liberia, can provide in terms of the role of academic researchers--and research itself--in humanitarian crises.     

DTC型采出水净化剂研究进展概述

二硫代胺基甲酸盐（DTC）是一种高效、多功能采出水净化剂，它由二硫化碳与伯胺或仲胺反应生成二硫代胺基甲酸，然后再与碱反应而制备。其作用机理是与采出水中的铁或其它溶解金属反应形成絮体，絮体迅速聚结形成网状而包裹油，从而使油去除。DTC具有净化作用快，除油功效高，适用于分离、重力沉降和浮选等水处理过程。目前，国外DTC型冷水剂已发展到第三代。     

Community Exchange and Training in the Suid Bokkeveld: A UNCCD Pilot Project to Enhance Livelihoods and Natural Resource Management

Community knowledge exchanges have played a key role in developmental processes in the Suid Bokkeveld community of South Africa. Two exchange visits were undertaken with the support of the Department of Agriculture and an NGO, the Environmental Monitoring Group, which have led to local economic development and enhanced capacity to manage natural resources in a sustainable manner. These pilot projects were undertaken within the framework of the Community Exchange and Training Programme of the Global Mechanism of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD). The methodology applied included facilitation to develop a community-based vision for development, in terms of which the community exchange process was designed. A Facilitation Team of service providers conducted preparatory workshops, and identified potential partner communities. Two exchange visits were carried out, one focused on Rooibos production and marketing, and the other on community-based eco-tourism. Following report-back and planning workshops, emerging community-driven initiatives were supported through their formative stages. The initiatives have not only resulted in enhanced livelihoods, but the methodology has also been applied widely in a number of different contexts.     

Pilot investigations of surface parts of three closed landfills and factors affecting them

Aftercare of closed sanitary landfills in a major environmentalproblem. Rehabilitation of the landfill with vegetation and reducing leachate production are two issues that must be dealt.For this reason, Finnish Environment Institute has conducted several projects on closed landfills. This research aims atdetermining the physical and chemical properties of the soils atthree closed landfills in Helsinki, Finland. Research was conducted to understand the impact by studying the following properties: Chemical, nutrient metal, gamma and radon analysis of surface soils of three closed landfills in Helsinki area.     

Monitoring of Biodiversity Indicators in Boreal Forests: a Need for Improved Focus

The general principles of scale and coarse and fine filters have been widely accepted, but management agencies and industry are still grappling with the question of what to monitor to detect changes in forest biodiversity following forest management. Part of this problem can be attributed to the lack of focused questions for monitoring including absence of null models and predicted effects, a certain level of disconnect between research and management, and recognition that monitoring can be designed as a research question. Considerable research from the past decade has not been adequately synthesized to answer important questions, such as which species or forest attributes might be the best indicators of change. A disproportionate research emphasis has been placed on community ecology, and mostly on a few groups of organisms including arthropods, amphibians, migratory songbirds, and small mammals, while other species, including soil organisms, lichens, bats, raptors, some carnivores, and larger mammals remain less well-known. In most studies of community ecology, the question of what is the importance, if any, of the regularly observed subtle changes in community structures, and causes of observed changes is usually not answered. Hence, our ability to deal with questions of persistence is limited, and demographic research on regionally--defined key species (such as species linked to processes, species whose persistence may be affected, species with large home ranges, species already selected as indicators, and rare and threatened species) is urgently needed. Monitoring programs need to be designed to enable managers to respond to unexpected changes caused by forest management. To do this, management agencies need to articulate null models for monitoring that predict effects, focus fine--scale monitoring on key species (defined by local and regional research) in key habitats (rare, declining, important) across landscapes, and have a protocol in place to adapt management strategies to changes observed. Finally, agencies must have some way to determine and define when a significant change has occurred and to predict the persistence of species; this too should flow from a well--designed null model.     

水中阴离子表面活性洗涤剂测定新方法的研究

介绍了水中阴离子表面活性剂测定新方法，该法与亚甲蓝法比较，具有操作步骤简单，萃取剂用量少的优点。     

AB工艺处理毛纺废水的探讨

对AB工艺处理毛纺废水进行了系统研究 ,在预处理和生物吸附处理阶段作了一些技术改进。并结合江苏箭鹿集团第一毛纺厂处理毛纺废水的工程实例 ,对其工作原理、工艺流程、设计参数以及效益等作了详细的分析     

中国南方岩溶区石漠化研究

对中国南方岩溶区石漠化现状及成因进行了分析,提出应采取降低土地垦殖率,优化产业结构、恢复植被、环境移民、提高人口素质等手段防治石漠化。     

中央企业安全管理工作调查与思考

采用普遍调查问卷和调研组实地个别调研的方式对中央企业安全生产管理现状进行了调研,分析了中央企业在安全管理机构和人员、安全教育培训、应急救援工作、重大危险源和重大隐患管理等安全管理工作方面存在问题,并针对这些问题提出了改善中央企业安全生产管理工作的建议措施,以期提高中央企业安全管理工作水平.     

生物流化床处理废水的研究进展与展望

介绍了好氧生物流化床与厌氧生物流化床的研究和应用进展，对近年来出现的几种新型生物流化床的研究进展作了介绍，并展望了生物流化床技术发展方向和应用前景。同时提出了生物流化床在试验研究与应用中尚须解决的问题。