生态承载力评价方法研究进展

生态承载力是当前生态学、地理学、经济学等领域的研究热点,生态承载力评价方法的研究对于区域社会经济协调可持续发展具有重要的意义。在详细阐述生态承载力概念、内涵、国内主要研究领域、研究机构的基础上,重点分析比较了目前生态承载力所涉及的研究方法,并比较了不同模型之间的优缺点,最后分析总结了目前生态承载力研究存在的不足和未来需要加强的领域和方向。从方法上来看,目前所用方法主要有:(1)指标体系综合评价法;(2)产品周期综合评价法;(3)结合不同学科和不同方法的综合评价法。目前生态承载力的研究缺乏科学完整的研究体系,尚未构建具有普适性的评价指标体系,演化趋势与模拟预测研究不足,格局分异研究较少,未来应该在以下几个方面深入研究:(1)加强生态承载力模型集成研究。由于生态承载力问题十分复杂,涉及资源、环境、生态、社会、经济等诸多要素,因此需要综合各个要素之间的相互关系及影响机制,进行不同模型集成和综合研究;(2)应从影响生态承载力的主动与被动因子,动态与静态因子出发,构建综合性和普适性较强的评价体系;(3)加强生态承载力的动态模拟研究,实现对生态承载力潜力的估算和动态变化过程的监测;(4)研究不同尺度下生态承载力时空变化特征及空间分异,并对比分析各模型对不同尺度的精度要求和结果的可靠性。     

Biocultural diversity in traditional rice-based agroecosystems: indigenous research and conservation of mavo (Oryza sativa L.) upland rice landraces of eastern Indonesia

Traditional crop landraces play dynamic roles in the expression of native biological and cultural diversity via their central position in the genetic resource base, agroecosystems and social heritage of indigenous peoples. Farmer varieties provide farmers with an “agricultural survival kit” for household welfare and for adaptation to changing conditions. These varieties meet local cultural practices and environmental constraints, and play an intrinsic role in cultural survival by constituting a living repository of ancestral customs including cultivar-specific recipes, songs, handicrafts, stories of origin, and unique planting, harvesting, processing, and storage rituals and techniques. The centrality of rice in Southeast Asian agricultural and social systems, contrasted with the significant erosion of rice-based biological and cultural diversity in native communities, calls for increased attention to the links between traditional rice varieties and indigenous rice-based customs. This study represents the research efforts of rice farmers pertaining to the Tado clan, a Kempo Manggarai community on Flores␣Island, in association with USA academicians. Research results demonstrate: (i) a complex suite of upland rice-based ethnobotanical traditions; (ii) significant and␣dynamic regional flux and dissemination of “old” and “new” landraces; (iii)␣community-level maintenance of distinct genotypes across a range of microenvironments; (iv) localized “extinctions” of ancestral landraces within 1–2 generations and a concomitant loss of related traditions; and (v) the contributions of a collaborative (indigenous and academic) approach to ethnographic and agronomic research.     

Public Investment and Environmental Sustainability of Agricultural Production in China

The excessive application of fertilizer and pesticides in grain production in China has posed a threat to the environmental sustainability of agricultural production. One of the major reasons of the increasing usage of chemical inputs by farmers is their trying to reach higher yields, especially in absence of adequate public inputs, such as development and extension of appropriate technology and necessary production infrastructure, etc. Based on the crop specific data of the past 20 years, this paper examines how the public investments in agricultural researches could impact on the reduction of farmers' private material inputs of major grain crops in China. It manifests that the increased investments in public sector, especially in agricultural researches, is a favorable and effective way to reduce farmers' private material inputs and should be given a priority consideration in the policy emendation to increase yields and improve production sustainability.     

Toward Ecological Economy

Abstract

With the effect of the human trade doctrine in the international trade field, almost all the countries have paid more attention to the sustainable development of international trade. This article chose the export sustainable development as the research object. On the basis of the analysis of the theoretical connotation of the export sustainable development, this article tried to establish an evaluation indices system and set up an evaluation model of the export sustainable development level, and finally made some empirical research on China. The result indicates that the comprehensive level of the export sustainable development in China showed a tendency to rise from 1985 to 2003 and the export sustainable development level of China in these years can be divided into four grades: excellent, good, moderate and poor. In most years, the social economic benefits of export was obtained at the cost of the deterioration of environment and the depletion of resources, and the economic profit of export did not increase with the enlargement of the export scale because of the deterioration of the terms of trade. Therefore, China should be careful about the problem of poverty accompanied by the increase of export.     

“中国土地资源生产能力及人口承载量”项目研究方法概论

土地资源能否生产足够的食物供养未来人口的问题益发受到关注,作为回答这一问题的土地资源承载能力研究也就应运而生。中国科学院自然资源综合考察委员会受全国农业区划委员会委托主持了“中国土地资源生产能力及人口承载量”项目。该项目的研究内容分解为5个基本层次,确定2000年和2025年为研究的时间尺度,并探讨了无具体时间尺度的理想承载力。该项研究以中国1∶100万土地资源图划分的9个土地潜力区为基础,以资源—资源生态—资源经济科学原理为指导,以综合、协调、持续性原则为特色,力图从PRED(资源、环境、人口、发展)的相互关系出发,回答我国土地资源在不同时期可以供养多少人口,提高土地资源承载能力的可能性与途径等问题。     

环境类专业本科实践教学创新体系的构建与实践

如何培养兼具技术综合应用能力与科技创新能力的复合型人才,是目前环境类专业人才培养的重点和难点。为适应形势发展的需要,华中科技大学以本科生工程实践能力与科技创新能力培养为核心,构建了环境类专业本科实践教学创新体系,在工程实践教学领域进行了一系列的综合改革与尝试,取得了显著的成效。本文详细介绍了环境类专业本科实践教学创新体系的基本构成、构建方法、运行机制和实践效果,为国内高等工科院校相近及相关专业的实践教学环节改革提供了参考与借鉴。     

天然气压缩机降噪工艺研究

通过天然气压缩机降噪治理,使增压站场厂界噪声达到GB 12348-2008《工业企业厂界环境噪声排放标准》2、3类功能区排放限值,减少噪声污染,是一项重要的环保工作。文章分析了噪声测量方法、天然气压缩机噪声产生机理、压缩机原始噪声测试、降噪工艺技术为:合理选择消声器,合理选定压缩机安装位置等。该工艺在降噪过程中没有涉及压缩机的机体改造,从而不会因降噪而影响机组各种设备的使用性能;机组的操作、检修、观察及机械声音判断等要求没有受到影响。     

燃煤电VPM2.5及汞控制技术探讨

火电厂烟气中PM2.5控制技术,目前可分为电除尘和袋式除尘两大类。其中电除尘又分常规电除尘、移动电极电除尘、前置聚并器电除尘、湿式电除尘、低温电除尘等;袋式除尘又分为纯袋式除尘、电一袋复合式除尘、先进的混合式电一袋除尘等。文章对这些技术从捕集机理到应用效果进行了分析探讨,推荐了火电厂应用最合适的控制技术。     

Linking Local Sustainability Initiatives with Environmental Justice

Beyond adopting sustainability as a feel-good slogan, many communities are trying to translate this general principle into specific and measurable terms. Community indicators are being introduced as a tool for analysis and community development in US cities from Seattle, WA to Jacksonville, FL. Most efforts acknowledge that sustainability ought to serve communities as a whole; rather than privilege certain elites, sustainability should build social equity. Using a web-based methodology, this research reviews sustainability efforts in 33 of the largest US cities to see which have addressed environmental justice as a dimension of sustainability. Five projects are identified and their programmes are summarised in terms of educational, policy and implementation content. KEE WARNER, Enlazando Iniciativas de Sostenibilidad Local con Justicia Ambiental . Más allá de adoptar la sostenibilidad como un lema para estar bien, muchas comunidades estan tratando de trasladar este principio general en términos específicos y medibles. Indicadores comunitarios esta´n siendo introducidos como una herramienta para el análisis y el desarrollo comunitario en ciudades americanas como Seattle, Washington a Jacksonville, Florida. La mayoría de los esfuerzos reconocen que la sostenibilidad tiene que servir a las comunidades como un todo; más que privilegiar ciertas élites, la sostenibilidad debe construir equidad social. Usando una metodolgía basada en la red, esta investigación estudia los esfuerzos para promover la sostenibilidad en treinta y tres de las mas grandes ciudades de los Estados Unidos para ver cual a dirijido justicia ambiental como una dimensión de sostenibilidad. Cinco proyectos son indentificados y sus programas son resumidos en términos de contenido educacional, político y de implementacio´n.     

The Effectiveness of a “Break Experiment” from a Long-Term Perspective

The study reports the results of a follow-up evaluation, conducted in 1994, of the impact of a training program for female unskilled metal workers that was implemented at the end of the 1970s. The program was designed to promote occupational skills development, and was first evaluated in 1979. On both occasions of evaluation the investment in training was examined from two perspectives, those of the training participants and management. Data were collected through semistructured personal interviews with key members of personnel management and through a group conversation session with a majority of the original course attendees. Supplementary background information was obtained from documents and records maintained by the organization. At some points, there was a convergence of views on the significance of the training program for occupational skills development, at others a divergence. These convergences and divergences are finally discussed and the findings of the study are related to other research on this particular kind of intervention.