纳米气敏材料的研究与发展趋势

各种气体尤其是对可燃性气体和毒性气体的检测和监控已成为企业当前急需解决的问题之一。纳米技术对提高气敏材料的灵敏度、选择性和长期稳定性有重要的作用,并且能降低工作温度和缩短温度的响应时间。文中论述了氢气、硫化氢、碳氢化合物、氮氧化合物、乙醇、丙酮等气体的纳米气敏材料的研究现状,并对其发展的趋势进行了预测。     

废钻井液复合固化处理技术及应用研究

为了达到“以废治废、变废为宝”的目的,胜利油田对废钻井液固化处理技术进行了研究。详细分析了钻井液的有害成分及固化处理的作用机理,在确定了固化物设计指标的前提下,进行了大量实验室分析、检测及试样配比研究,得到了适合不同钻井液体系的固化处理配方,并对复合固结材料进行了击实、抗干湿、抗冻融等耐久性试验。结果表明,28d后,复合固结材料的抗压强度一般为0.5～1.5 MPa,可用于铺设简易道路或修建井场用。另外,在废钻井液中添加固结材料、稳定剂及骨料,并利用废钻井液的潜在活性,使其成为具有硅酸盐凝胶结构或水泥石结构的建筑材料,可以进行砌体施工。该项技术具有显著的经济效益和社会效益。     

The practice of participatory research and gender analysis in natural resource management

Stakeholder participation is expected to improve the efficiency, equity, and sustainability of natural resource management research and development (R&D) projects by ensuring that research reflects users’ priorities, needs, capabilities, and constraints. Use of participatory methods and tools is growing rapidly; however, there is little systematic evidence about what participation actually means in practice, or about what difference it makes. Based on an inventory of 59 self‐described participatory R&D projects in the area of natural resource management, this article characterizes the typical project and analyzes how stakeholders are selected, how they participate in the research process, and what their involvement means for project costs and impacts. The results suggest that, while projects are generating a range of direct and indirect benefits for participants, more careful attention needs to be paid to achieving equitable impacts. Current practices may lag behind best practices in key areas, such as power sharing and participant selection, and may therefore be missing important contributions from women and other marginalized groups.     

BUILDING THE AGENDA FOR INSTITUTIONAL RESEARCH IN WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT1

ABSTRACT: This paper pursues more specifically the recommendations of a recent National Research Council report recommending greater attention to research on institutions in the field of water resource management. The important challenge for the future in institutional research lies in going beyond the observation that institutions are important and in explaining instead how institutions actually affect management options and outcomes. It is possible to illuminate the relationships between institutional features and water management through comparative institutional research. This paper offers recommendations for studying water institutions in a comparative context, including methodological recommendations concerning approaches to comparative institutional research, and topics for comparative institutional research that appear especially fruitful at this time. The example of conjunctive management is used to illustrate the importance of institutional factors in water management, drawing to some extent on the authors’ recent experience with a comparative study of conjunctive management institutions.     

试论灾害评估信息系统的研究进展

本文从灾害评估理论、评估指标体系、评估方法体系、减灾数据库和灾害评估信息系统集成等方面着手，在回顾前人研究成果的基础上，分析了灾害评估信息系统研究中存在的问题，并提出了灾害评估信息系统新的研究方向和领域。     

原油及产品对藻类毒性影响研究

藻类具有种类繁多，个体小，生长繁殖迅速，对毒物的毒性敏感等特点，它长时间在水中生长，能客观地反映原油及产品对水体污染所产生的毒害综合效应。实验室中毒性研究通常采用纯种藻类培养来评价油的急性和早期毒性影响。经过实验室研究及原油泄漏现场调查研究表明：在含油的生态系统中油能刺激藻类的生长。在油污染过的水体中，原油中的轻烃和较易挥发的组分对藻类的毒性影响最大，原油泄漏的短期毒性影响和二次影响同等重要，油对藻类种群结构也具有重要的毒性影响。     

Assessing and communicating data quality in policy-relevant research

The quality of scientific information in policy-relevant fields of research is difficult to assess, and quality control in these important areas is correspondingly difficult to maintain. Frequently there are insufficient high-quality measurements for the presentation of the statistical uncertainty in the numerical estimates that are crucial to policy decisions. We propose and develop a grading system for numerical estimates that can deal with the full range of data quality—from statistically valid estimates to informed guesses. By analyzing the underlying quality of numerical estimates, summarized as spread and grade, we are able to provide simple rules whereby input data can be coded for quality, and these codings carried through arithmetical calculations for assessing the quality of model results. For this we use the NUSAP (numeral, unit, spread, assessment, pedigree) notational system. It allows the more quantitative and the more qualitative aspects of data uncertainty to be managed separately. By way of example, we apply the system to an ecosystem valuation study that used several different models and data of widely varying quality to arrive at a single estimate of the economic value of wetlands. The NUSAP approach illustrates the major sources of uncertainty in this study and can guide new research aimed at the improvement of the quality of outputs and the efficiency of the procedures.     

NEW REQUIREMENTS FOR LOCAL UNITS OF GOVERNMENT IN WATER RESOURCES PLANNING: INSIGHTS FOR IMPLEMENTATION FROM RECENT WATER RESOURCES PLANNING RESEARCH1

ABSTRACT: Recent Federal and some State legislation has enlarged the scope of permitted or required actions of local units of government in water resources management and protection. Much of the legislation encourages local units of government to introduce water resources planning measures which will be preventive instead of corrective. Extensive public works measures, environmental destruction and the threat to human life can thus be eliminated or reduced. Research has developed and tested a method for identifying the elements of a water resources protection program for small urbanizing watersheds which was technically adequate and socially acceptable to the communities implementing such programs. Research results suggest that deliberate efforts will be necessary to inform and educate local units of government as to the usefulness of the legislation; and that the program must reflect local natural resource conditions and local preferences for the method of accomplishing the protection. Successful implementation could be restrained by inertia of local units of government, a lack of tradition in such programs, and hostile existing agencies.     

NATIONAL WATER ASSESSMENT: NEEDED OR NOT?1

ABSTRACT A conceptual framework and the systematic collection of reliable information for application within the framework are the cornerstones of effective water planning. The ideal of strengthening these cornerstones was a driving force behind formation of the Water Resources Council and Council efforts, during its life, to develop the Principles and Standards and to complete two National Water Assessments. The Assessments contained voluminous data but never really became an integral component of the national water planning process. Before being disbanded in 1982, the Council solicited several appraisals of its assessment process. This paper reports one made by the university community in which experiences and opinions were obtained from 108 water research administrators and water policy experts.     

When is it morally acceptable to kill animals?

Professor Hugh Lehman has recently argued that the rights view, according to which nonhuman animals have a prima facie right to life, is compatible with the killing of animals in many circumstances, including killing for food, research, or product-testing purposes. His principle argument is an appeal to life-boat cases, in which certain lives should be sacrificed rather than others because the latter would allegedly be made worse-off by death than the former. I argue that this reasoning would apply to so-called inferior humans just as much as to animals, and that this appeal is unsuccessful in any case. I distinguish two versions of the rights view: the equal and the unequal rights views. Although the unequal rights view, unlike the equal rights view, would sanction the killing of animals (and some humans) for food under severely restricted circumstances, neither rights view sanctions the raising of animals for their meat. Moreover, neither rights view would sanction the killing of animals for research or product-testing purposes. I conclude with a brief discussion of the merits of phasing out the meat production industry.