A rotational groups system approach for interdisciplinary research

Environmental research is characterized in each of its successive phases by a strong interdisciplinarity. A rotational groups system (RGS) method is proposed as an instrument to encourage interaction among researchers from fields that are traditionally far apart. Meetings conducted with the RGS procedure involve all the researchers, who, in repeated and topical encounters, are able to exchange information on a wide variety of environmental subjects. These meetings can be arranged according to a special calendar, through a series of phases treating different aspects of the same subjects to be discussed, and above all, referring to specific themes and working guidelines organized on the basis of criteria designed to favor an exchange of ideas and constructive discussion. At the end, the plenary assembly edits an overall resume of the proceedings, and votes on the final resolution, which brings together all the conclusive opinions regarding the themes discussed.     

UNIVERSITY WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH AND STATE LEGISLATURES1

ABSTRACT: Societal trends indicate an increased need for university water researchers to develop and improve working relationships with state legislatures to help ensure that water related legislation is based on sound water resources information. Recommendations for providing technical support to state legislatures on water resources issues include: the necessity for researchers to take the initiative; the importance of researchers capitalizing on existing linkages; the need to maintain a continuous link between key legislators, legislative staff, and researchers; and the need for researchers to provide comprehensible information in a timely manner.     

SCALE PROBLEMS IN INTERDISCIPLINARY WATER RESOURCES INVESTIGATION1

ABSTRACT The problems encountered in estimating scale parameters in interdisciplinary watershed research are discussed. Meteorology, hydrology, geology and water quality are discussed with respect to their individual strengths and weaknesses when applied to different scale problems. Areas where incompatibilities exist are pointed out and suggestions are made for effecting compromise. A watershed scale of roughly a hundred acres may be the scale at which all disciplines can effect optimum interaction.     

THE EFFECT OF PRICE ON LONG RUN WATER SUPPLY BENEFITS AND COSTS1

ABSTRACT The long-term effects of presently used and alternatively proposed water pricing policies were studied using some tools of operations research and economics. A discrete deterministic dynamic programming model was structured and operated to determine the optimal water supply capacity expansion paths for a hypothetical residential community with a given water pricing policy. The objective of the model was the maximization of future discounted consumers'surpluses plus producer's revenues net of the long-run cost of supply. State variables were the size of system capacity in MGD and stage variables were the times of feasible capacity increase in years. Demand curves, population sizes, and growth rates for various economic sectors of the community were assumed known, as well as short-run production and capital construction costs. Several policies, including constant unit rates, decreasing or increasing block rates and summer differential rates were tested. It was concluded that price plays a major role in the short-run allocation and long-run planning and conservation of water supplies. Conservational pricing policies were advocated as means of lowering the long-run cost of water, using the water price-demand function as a planning tool. Further research in these areas was recommended.     

CHANGING TIMES FOR WATER RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER1

In recent years, important changes have occurred in water resources research. There have been major shifts in attitudes of Congress, state legislatures and the general public toward water and related resource issues. Future water research and development will have to be environmentally oriented. Emphasis is shifting to research productivity. To justify research expenditures, hard facts must be produced which demonstrate payoff. Technology transfer (getting research results into the hands of users in an understandable and usable form) is gaining prominence. Research projects must be designed for total problem solution and technology transfer must be incorporated as a part of project objectives. Research must be planned and conducted to meet users' needs. Guidelines for modern research design and technology transfer are presented.     

废弃聚合物钻井液化学脱水处理技术的实验研究

在分析废弃聚合物钻井液组成的基础上，对采用化学固液分离无害化处理方法进行了实验研究。以部分水解聚丙烯酰胺（ＨＰＡＭ）、聚电解质Ａ为絮凝剂和混合酸为凝聚剂的复合絮凝剂配方，可以彻底破坏ＨＰＡＭ类型废弃钻井液的胶体体系，使废浆液絮凝脱水。通过３口井废钻井液样品的絮凝试验，加药剂后废浆液自然脱水率为２５％～３５％，１３．３ｋＰａ压差下抽滤出水率为５１％～６０％，絮凝残渣无再造浆能力。     

油田钻井废水的治理研究

根据钻井废水的污染成分及国内外处理区域环境的敏感性采取三种方法对其进行治理，即：废水回灌、集中处理后回灌或回注、现场处理后回注。在冀东油田进行了三种处理方案的试验研究，取得了一定的效益，有望在石油行业推广应用。     

把污染预防纳入化工过程和产品的研究开发与设计中

介绍了污染预防的概念以及在化工过程和产品的研究开发和设计中考虑污染预防的基本方法。并给出了一些简单实例予以说明。     

土壤中重金属生物有效性研究

土壤重金属污染问题是当前主要的环境问题,结合中国人多耕地少的国情,中国面临的土壤环境安全问题更加严峻.已有大量实验研究表明,土壤环境中能被生物吸收利用的重金属才是衡量重金属元素对生态环境影响的关键参数.文章在分析国内外土壤重金属生物有效性相关文献的基础上,介绍了生物有效性的定义以及影响土壤重金属生物有效性的因素,讨论了两种常用研究土壤有效态重金属方法(化学提取法和生物学评价法)的原理和优缺点,在此基础上,提出今后的研究方向,以供研究者参考.