金泽水库浮游植物功能群时空变化特征

于2018年7月—2019年6月对金泽水库浮游植物进行调查,研究浮游植物FG功能群时空变化及其与环境因子的关系,探讨进、出水口浮游植物群落特征异同的原因.调查期间,该水域整体处于轻到中度富营养化水平,库内共检测出浮游植物8门139种,主要由蓝、绿、硅藻门种类构成,共25组功能群,优势功能群有M、H1、L_O、K4组,喜好富营养水体环境,所属种类主要为蓝藻门,以微囊藻属为代表的M功能群为绝对优势功能群;进、出水口分别有7门87种、7门102种,分属于23组、20组功能群,优势功能群分别有5组、9组,两个点位种属相似度超过0.6,达中等相似,共有优势功能群为M、H1、L_O、K 4组,主要为蓝藻门种类,M功能群为绝对优势功能群.库内生物密度月变化为280.1162×10⁴ ~1750.7050×10⁴ cells·L^-1,出水口生物密度年均值比进水口降低29.78%,但差异不显著,蓝藻的生物密度决定着库内藻类生物密度月变化及进、出水口藻类生物密度年均值的差异.冗余分析结果显示,环境因子对库内浮游植物解释率为53.59%,占绝对优势的M 功能群,受总氮影响较大且正相关.研究结果表明,库内一系列净化措施有一定作用,但受来水影响,该水库仍有水华暴发的风险,需调整库内净化策略,加强净化水质,以保障饮用水安全.     

Statistical and Hybrid Methods Implemented in a Web Application for Predicting Reservoir Inflows during Flood Events

Reservoir management is a critical component of flood management, and information on reservoir inflows is particularly essential for reservoir managers to make real‐time decisions given that flood conditions change rapidly. This study's objective is to build real‐time data‐driven services that enable managers to rapidly estimate reservoir inflows from available data and models. We have tested the services using a case study of the Texas flooding events in the Lower Colorado River Basin in November 2014 and May 2015, which involved a sudden switch from drought to flooding. We have constructed two prediction models: a statistical model for flow prediction and a hybrid statistical and physics‐based model that estimates errors in the flow predictions from a physics‐based model. The study demonstrates that the statistical flow prediction model can be automated and provides acceptably accurate short‐term forecasts. However, for longer term prediction (2 h or more), the hybrid model fits the observations more closely than the purely statistical or physics‐based prediction models alone. Both the flow and hybrid prediction models have been published as Web services through Microsoft's Azure Machine Learning (AzureML) service and are accessible through a browser‐based Web application, enabling ease of use by both technical and nontechnical personnel.     

珠海市中部主要供水水库沉积物重金属时空分布与风险评价

磨刀门和洪湾水道是珠江水系的主要出海口,受潮汐影响,沿线受其调水的凤凰山水库、大镜山水库和竹仙洞水库是粤港澳大湾区珠海市中部的重要饮用水水源地.为了解3座供水水库表层沉积物中的环境质量状况,于2019年丰、枯两季(8月和10月)对库区共15个采样点的8项重金属进行监测,并开展了相关性分析、地累积指数评价、生态风险评估和溯源分析.结果表明,8种重金属在3座水库中的含量平均值大小排序均为：竹仙洞水库>大镜山水库>凤凰山水库.凤凰山水库Hg、 Zn和Pb,大镜山水库Hg、 As、 Mn、 Ni、 Cu、 Zn和Pb,竹仙洞水库8种重金属含量分别超过广东省土壤重金属背景值的1.88～2.75、1.05～2.32和1.69～6.45倍.除凤凰山水库的As,大镜山水库的As和Cu,竹仙洞水库的Cr和Ni外,其余重金属含量均呈现枯水期>丰水期的特征.地累积指数法评价结果表明,3座水库污染程度为：竹仙洞水库>大镜山水库>凤凰山水库.其中,凤凰山水库和大镜山水库仅Hg、 Zn和Pb元素表现为轻度污染,竹仙洞水库整体均受到轻度或偏中度污染.潜在生态风险指数评价结果表明,凤凰山...     

松涛水库生态清洁流域的建设构想

近年来水源地污染日益严重，已影响到人类的生活、生产用水安全。海南省松涛水库目前也同样面临水源污染、生态环境破坏等一系列问题。且亟待解决。通过分析松涛水库生态环境质量状况。应用生态系统健康理论、复合生态系统理论以及流域生态学等原理。分析了生态清洁流域的概念及其内涵，把生态清洁流域定义为具有相对稳定、物质能量流平衡、功能持续而健康的生态系统，并可向人类提供正常的生态服务和实现特定水源保护功能的流域区域。为了能够持续获得正常的生态服务和实现特定水源保护功能，应当通过生态修复、生态治理和生态保护等方法创建生态清洁流域。生态清洁流域的建设构想是流域水资源保护规划新的思路和理论尝试。依据松涛水库的实地情况。提出相应的措施，有助于松涛水库水资源保护工作的开展，同时也为同类研究提供借鉴的实例。     

Potential Impacts of Climate Change on the Reliability of Water and Hydropower Supply from a Multipurpose Dam in South Korea

Future climate change is a source of growing concerns for the supply of energy and resources, and it may have significant impacts on industry and the economy. Major effects are likely to arise from changes to the freshwater resources system, due to the connection of energy generation to these water systems. Using future climate data downscaled by a stochastic weather generator, this study investigates the potential impacts of climate change on long‐term reservoir operations at the Chungju multipurpose dam in South Korea, specifically considering the reliability of the supply of water and hydropower. A reservoir model, Hydrologic Engineering Center‐Reservoir System Simulation (HEC‐ResSim), was used to simulate the ability of the dam to supply water and hydropower under different conditions. The hydrologic model Soil and Water Assessment Tool was used to determine the HEC‐ResSim boundary conditions, including daily dam inflow from the 6,642 km² watershed into the 2.75 Gm³ capacity reservoir. Projections of the future climate indicate that temperature and precipitation during 2070‐2099 (2080s) show an increase of +4.1°C and 19.4%, respectively, based on the baseline (1990‐2009). The results from the models suggest that, in the 2080s, the average annual water supply and hydropower production would change by +19.8 to +56.5% and by +33.9 to 92.3%, respectively. Model simulations suggest that under the new climatic conditions, the reliability of water and hydropower supply would be generally improved, as a consequence of increased dam inflow.     

旅游活动对四川升钟水库水质的干扰度研究

运用TADI指数研究升钟水库的旅游活动对水体环境的影响,比较了旅游活动中各个环节对水体的影响程度,指数越大,对水质影响越大。结果表明：升钟水库景区旅游人均TN、TP污染物排放量分别为3.57g／d、0.59g／d,升钟水库景区7类旅游接待设施综合干扰指数排序为：住宿类渔家乐T1〉渔家乐餐厅T2〉酒店T3〉餐馆T4〉摊贩T4〉公厕T7〉博物馆T6,住宿类型渔家乐（T1）对水质干扰最大,属高度干扰型;博物馆（T6）对水质干扰最小,属低度干扰型。不同的食宿组合方式中,渔家乐住宿餐饮型的TADI指数最大,对水质的干扰最强,仅在餐馆就餐则TADI指数为最小,对水质干扰也最弱。     

入库径流污染综合防控技术应用实践——以彭州市西河水库为例

针对彭州市西河水库污染现状及污染来源特征,为有效限制和处理入库径流污染物,结合库区自然条件,集成了"生态护坡—岸边人工湿地—人工浮岛"综合防控技术,并设计建设了示范工程。工程运行监测结果表明:经示范工程处理过的径流来水,除总氮以外,其他指标可以达到地表水Ⅲ类标准要求,其中,来水总氮平均超标63%,出水总氮平均超标24%,工程平均削减总氮23.93%。"生态护坡—岸边人工湿地—人工浮岛"综合防控技术及示范工程在西河水库径流污染防控方面发挥了积极作用,可以为类似水源污染防控提供技术参考。     

Speciation of particulate trace metals in sediments of Anarbe reservoir∗

Total concentration and chemical forms of heavy metals in samples of sediment from a drinking water reservoir have been analysed. The result of total metal contest shows Fe and Mn concentration increase along the reservoir, from 4.4% in Fe and 0.07% in Mn in the end part to 6.4% Fe and 0.22% Mn at the dam. However, a decrease in organic matter along the reservoir is observed. In order to test the accuracy of the digestion methods used, a standard reference material was also analysed.

Trace metal concentrations, with exception of Cadmium, Pb and Mn, found in fraction 5 are higher than those observed in the others extractions, Fe, Ni, Zn, Cr and Cu content in non‐residual fraction is found mainly in moderately reducible fraction, but the percentage of this fraction in each metal is very different.     

北京官厅水库特征污染物筛查及其健康风险评价

水源水中存在数以万计的污染物,需要根据不同水源污染特征筛查相应的特征污染物,并确定其对人体产生的健康风险。针对官厅水库及其出入库河流的表层水样,采用气相色谱质谱方法,对77种有机污染物进行了目标筛查和定量分析;采用非目标筛查的方法,对1 655种有机污染物进行了定性筛查。定量分析检出43种挥发性有机物(VOCs),浓度为nd～8.17 μg·L^-1;8种羰基化合物,浓度为nd～5.04 μg·L^-1;7种嗅味物质,浓度为nd～1 421.58 ng·L^-1。在检出的58种污染物中,有国家生活饮用水卫生标准(GB5749-2006)的共有23种,有国家地表水环境质量标准(GB3838-2002)的22种,浓度均未超过相关标准。对所检出的污染物进行了危害识别,发现5种嗅味物质浓度均超过了其嗅阈值。对其中有基础毒性数据的17种污染物进行了致癌风险评价,对37种污染物进行了非致癌风险评价。研究表明,17种污染物致癌风险处于10^-6～10^-5水平,而37种污染物的非致癌风险处于10^-2水平,均低于国际认同的风险控制阈值。定性筛查出80种具有潜在健康风险的有机污染物,作为进一步深入研究的目标污染物。据此,2012年调查中官厅水库水中的有机微污染对人体健康的风险总体上处于较低水平。其中,苯系物在官厅水库中普遍存在,六氯丁二烯和巴豆醛是主要的风险特征污染物,2-异丙基-3-甲氧基吡嗪(IPMP)、2-异丁基-3-甲氧基吡嗪(IBMP)和2,4,6-三氯茴香醚(TCA)是主要的致嗅特征污染物。     

三峡库区典型排污口河段污染物扩散降解特性研究

为减轻三峡库区长寿—涪陵段水环境污染,改善区域水质,建立了以水动力-水质模型为基础的区域关键排污口的筛选分析方法。采用三维数值模型EFDC对研究区域内污染物的超标面积进行模拟计算,并对污染物扩散降解特性进行分析,利用单位污染物负荷超标面积分析不同排污口污染物迁移扩散的差异,进行流域重点排污口的分析筛选。从改善整体河流水质出发,分析了各排污口位置的合理性。结果表明,支流回水区内排污口的混合区面积比干流河段处排污口要大,顺直江段处的排污口的混合区面积较弯段内侧处排污口要小。排污口应选在流速和水深较大的顺直河段,避免选择支流回水区。