福建山美水库表层沉积物不同形态硅分布特征及其环境意义

采用Tessier连续提取法研究了亚热带典型山区深水水库-福建泉州山美水库沉积物中不同形态硅(可交换离子态硅[IEF-Si]、碳酸盐结合态硅[CF-Si]、铁锰氧化物结合态硅[IMOF-Si]和有机硫化态硅[OSF-Si])的时空分布特征及其环境意义.结果表明,山美水库平水期、丰水期、枯水期表层沉积物中不同形态硅总含量分别为3043.50~4414.24,2711.17~3676.89,3198.44~4444.28mg/kg,平水期>枯水期>丰水期;其空间分布特征为:库尾区>水库中部区>近坝区>入库区.该水库中IEF-Si和CF-Si相对含量少,活性大.虽然可交换态硅的含量较少,其释放潜能有可能对水生生态系统营养状况及初级生产产生影响;CF-Si对环境因子尤其是pH值特别敏感;IMOF-Si和 OSF-Si相对含量高,IMOF-Si可能是山美水库硅补充的最主要途径;而OSF-Si是比较稳定形态的硅,其分布规律与受不同时期沉积下来的沉积物类型和环境影响有关.平水期、丰水期CF-Si与IMOF-Si呈显著正相关关系(P<0.05,r=0.728;P<0.05,r=0.672),丰水期、枯水期IMOF-Si与OSF-Si均呈显著正相关关系(P =0.05,r=0.757; P <0.01,r=0.832).     

Species Composition and Ecological Characteristic of Algae from the Cooling Reservoir of the Beloyarsk Nuclear Power Plant

The results of long-term studies on phytoplankton in the cooling reservoir of the Beloyarsk Nuclear Power Plant (the Middle Urals) are reviewed. Altogether, 199 taxa of the species and subspecies rank have been recorded, including 144 taxa described in this water body for the first time. The algoflora of the reservoir consists mainly of widespread and eurybiontic freshwater species.     

WATER RESERVOIR SYSTEMS1

. Water Reservoir Systems were investigated for urban areas as an alternative or complement to storm water drainage systems for flood control which could provide benefits in water conservation and reduce drainage system costs. The study consisted of: (1) gathering of engineering data on the topographical, hydrological, and precipitation characteristics of the area and urban development and economic statistics     

新疆克孜尔水库地震风险分析及防范研究

克孜尔水库地震风险防范系统是在强震台阵、F2活动断层监测设备完善、观测分析中心及抗震风险防范中心等硬件建设的基础上,通过在GIS平台上建立构造纲要、潜在震源区、峰值加速度区划、大坝所在位置等专题图层,完善地震传输系统、大坝数字减灾系统等软件建设。把强震监测信息系统技术应用于水库地震风险防范决策支持和实际运行科学管理,实现可在线处理子台传输过来的地震加速度时程曲线。分析各测点场地最大加速度值、水工结构的动力放大系数、场地卓越频率、结构自振频率、地震持续时间及水库诱发地震判别等重要参数,为各项决策提供可靠的快速支持,从而建立国内首座在活动断层上直接建坝的克孜尔水库大坝的震后快速报警体系和初步数字减灾系统,形成有效的震后快速修复措施,为深入开展活动断层上筑坝技术研究奠定基础。     

水库消涨区土地资源的合理利用--以富水水库为例

分析了湖北省富水水库消涨区土地资源利用的现状和集约利用的难点.根据水土资源的时空分布特点和利用现状,将水库消涨区划分为常年利用带、短期利用带和汛期利用带,估算了各带的可利用面积,探讨了各带的主要利用方向,提出了水库消涨区土地合理利用的建议和发展两栖林业的新概念,并针对消涨区特点,阐述了集约利用和开发实践中应注意的几项原则.     

A LAW AND ECONOMICS APPROACH TO RESOLVING RESERVOIR SEDIMENT MANAGEMENT CONFLICTS1

The loss of the world's reservoir capacity to sedimentation can be mitigated by altering dam operations to release sediment downstream. However, legal uncertainty regarding whether dam owners are liable for damages to surrounding landowners due to altered operations provides a significant disincentive for sustainable sediment management. Past work recommends that courts apply a “rule of reasonableness” in assessing liability: dam owners should be held liable for damages only if they act unreasonably in altering operations, and surrounding landowners should take reasonable measures to mitigate foreseeable damage. Based on past cases, judicial determinations of reasonable reservoir management and reasonable precautionary measures by landowners are generally highly speculative, controversial, and based on limited information. Courts can ease the future burden of making these difficult determinations with rulings that create economic incentives for parties to act reasonably. For example, courts might entitle landowners to be free from sediment related damages, and protect the entitlement with a liability rule. This gives dam owners an economic incentive to release sediment only if the benefits of doing so outweigh court ordered damages to landowners. Past judicial decisions are largely consistent with this legal regime.     

水库型滑坡灾害综合灾情评价模型研究

分析了滑坡事件的成灾机理,认为滑坡的灾害效应包含孕育灾害的自然环境、社会环境和自然-滑坡体-社会相互作用系统.在此基础上,将滑坡灾害综合灾情评价结构体系分为危险性评价、易损性评价、破坏损失评价、防灾减灾工程评价四个部分.针对水库型点源滑坡,建立了综合灾情评价的连续函数模型.     

CHANGES IN WATER QUALITY IN THE NEWLY IMPOUNDED SUBTROPICAL FEITSUI RESERVOIR,TAIWAN1

ABSTRACT: Water quality and trophic conditions in the Feitsui Reservoir, a subtropical reservoir, were evaluated with data from a ten-year data base to depict the impacts of river impoundment upon the chemical and biological characteristics of a reservoir, and to discuss the effects of flushing rate on in-lake phosphorus concentrations and phytoplankton growth. The results of the investigation showed that during the incipient impounding period, the water quality in the Feitsui Reservoir was significantly affected by internal loadings from submerged vegetation and soil in the flooded area. Studies of the changes in phosphorus compounds indicated that total phosphorus concentration appeared to approach equilibrium after the seventh year of impoundment and that orthophosphate stabilized after the sixth year of impoundment. Concentrations of both phosphorus forms varied seasonally after attaining stability. Nitrogen compounds (NH₃-N, NO₃-N and NO₂-N) approached equilibrium within three years after impoundment. The seasonal variation in carbon was correlated to the number of phytoplankton. The mean value of the N:P mass ratio has remained over 110 since year seven of impoundment (1990), indicating that phosphorus constitutes the potential limiting nutrient in the growth of phytoplankton. The rapid flushing rate (132.11 and 110.43 yr^-1) in Feitsui Reservoir during the first and second impounding stages was a critical factor influencing the phytoplankton growth response to available nutrients.     

灰色系统理论在岩崩,滑坡监测中的应用

本文根据灰色系统理论，利用１９９０～１９９３年的ＧＰＳ观测结果，建立了岩崩、滑坡的预测模型ＧＭ（１．１）。同时进行了灰色关联度分析，从而求得新滩滑坡区的地壳形变规律。由于该区地处长江三峡工程的重要地段，因此进行长期监测是非常必要的     

BENEFITS OF TRANSFERRING STREAMFLOW PRIORITY FROM AGRICULTURAL TO NON-AGRICULTURAL USE1

ABSTRACT: In Virginia, as in many states, priority to streamflow is held by riparian landowners who are predominantly agricultural users. The streamfiow may also have a high potential value to non-agricultural users who do not have riparian rights. The potential benefits of transferring streamfiow priority rights from agricultural to non-agricultural use were evaluated using simulation for an eastern Virginia watershed. Lowering irrigators' priority to streamflow reduced crop yields and irrigated returns in some years because of inadequate water supplies. However, the transfer of priorities increased the likelihood that the urban reservoir would be able to withdraw water from the stream without interruption. As a result, priority trades reduced the size of reservoir needed to meet a given water requirement by municipal users. The resulting savings in reservoir construction and maintenance costs more than offset the losses to irrigators. Net savings could be achieved even if the reservoir were required to release water periodically to maintain a minimum level of instream flow. The conclusion is that the state should encourage trading of access to streamflow in order to increase the use efficiency of streamfiows. Alternative means by which the state can facilitate water exchanges are discussed.