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591.
Strongly decreasing atmospheric emissions and acidic deposition during the 1990s have initiated chemical reversal from acidification
in several drinking-water reservoirs of the Erzgebirge, SE Germany. We studied responses of phytoplankton, zooplankton and
fish stocks in five reservoirs and at enclosure scale after experimental neutralization of 1,200 m3 of lake water. About 4 months after this treatment, diatoms and cryptomonads replaced the predominating chrysophytes and
dinoflagellates. The colonization by acid-sensitive species of green algae, cryptomonads, rotifers and Cladocera (e.g. Bosmina longirostris) is explained by the occurrence of dormant stages or by survival of individuals in very low abundances. Analogous to the
enclosure experiment, three reservoirs showed significantly (p < 0.01) falling trends of chlorophyll a and phytoplankton biovolume, mainly due to the decline of dinoflagellates. Picoplankton and diatoms increased slightly in
two reservoirs. The zooplankton communities were dominated by rotifers and small Cladocera. Representatives of the genus Daphnia were lacking. Two reservoirs were re-colonized by zooplanktivorous fish populations of either perch (Perca fluviatilis) or sunbleak (Leucaspius delineatus). The latter exhibited extremely high fluctuating abundance and biomass and even suffered from a population crash. This natural
mortality was caused by a limited food supply. Hence, severe top-down control may delay the recovery of larger zooplankton
species like daphnids. Fishery management comprising the introduction of predatory fishes can help to control zooplanktivorous
fish populations and to prevent their mass mortality. 相似文献
592.
John A. Gordon 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1989,25(1):187-192
ABSTRACT: Stratified reservoir waters frequently contain objectionable quantities of dissolved manganese. The oxidation and removal of dissolved manganese during transport below Normandy Dam, Tennessee, was shown to be much more rapid than expected from chemical oxidation. Oxidation took place in only a day of travel time rather than months or years. Laboratory studies showed that removal was associated with a slime found on rock surfaces below the dam and led to the development of column technology as a possible method of treating natural waters containing manganese. Hydraulic loadings on the columns in the range of 390–780 m3/hr.ha accomplished a 90 percent removal rate of soluble manganese over an influent concentration range of 2 to 15 mg/l. 相似文献
593.
Hasan Yazicigil Mark H. Houck 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1984,20(3):417-424
A chance-constrained linear programming model, which utilizes multiple linear decision rules and is useful for river basin planning, is used to evaluate the effects of risk and reliability on optimal reservoir design. Streamflow forecasts or predictions can be explicitly included in the linear program. The risk associated with the predictions is included in the model through the use of cumulative distribution functions (CDF) of streamflows which are conditioned on the predictions. A multiple-purpose reservoir on the Gunpowder River in Maryland is used to illustrate the effectiveness of the model. In order to provide the decision makers with complete and useful information, trade-off curves relating minimum reservoir capacity (a surrogate for dam costs), water supply and flood control targets, and the reliability of achieving the targets are developed. The trade-off curves may enhance the decision maker's ability to select the best dam capacity, considering technological and financial constraints as well as the trade-offs between targets, risks, and costs. 相似文献
594.
入世后三峡库区的可持续发展研究 总被引:6,自引:1,他引:5
随着三峡工程的兴建,三峡库区的发展基础发生变化,库区的产业结构必然地要有所调整。百万移民促进新的城镇体系的建立。加入WTO对三峡库区的发展产生新的冲击,库区产业结构必须进一步调整。以大力发展林业为主,其次加强牧业的发展,再次大力发展水产养殖业,加强旅游业的发展,最后合理调整农业产业结构,同时要合理调整城镇体系。根据三峡工程和入世对库区的影响,提出三峡库区可持续发展的措施,建议:(1)以市场为导向,立体开发,提高资源利用率和商品率,确可经济的发展;(2)提高人才素质;(3)培养人们的生态价值观;(4)引进先进的科学技术,加强管理、环境保护和生态修复。 相似文献
595.
宋发新 《长江流域资源与环境》1995,4(1):18-23
库区经济发展是三峡工程移民能否长治久安的核心问题。三峡湖北库区地处三峡工程坝区库首的特殊位置,其经济发展战略必须立足于服务三峡工程,抓住四大机遇,开发当好资源,妥善安置移民,促进协调发展,战略目标分三阶段实施,提出了实现战略目标的基本对策。 相似文献
596.
James F. Booker 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1995,31(5):889-906
ABSTRACT: A severe sustained drought in the Colorado River Basin would cause economic damages throughout the Basin. An integrated hydrologic-economic-institutional model introduced here shows that consumptive water users in headwaters states are particularly vulnerable to very large shortfalls and hence large damages because their rights are effectively junior to downstream users. Chronic shortfalls to consumptive users relying on diversions in excess of rights under the Colorado River Compact are also possible. Nonconsumptive water uses (for hydropower and recreation) are severely affected during the worst drought years as instream flows are reduced and reservoirs are depleted. Damages to these uses exceeds those to consumptive uses, with the value of lost hydropower production the single largest economic impact of a severe sustained drought. Modeling of alternative policy responses to drought suggests three general policy approaches with particular promise for reducing damages. Consumptive use damages can be reduced by over 90 percent through reallocation from low to high valued uses and through reservoir storage strategies which minimize evaporation losses. Reservoir management to preserve minimum power pool levels for hydropower production (and to maintain reservoir recreation) may reduce damages to these nonconsumptive uses by over 30 percent, but it may increase consumptive use shortfalls. 相似文献
597.
Khalid Karim Maureen E. Gubbels Ian C. Goulter 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1995,31(6):1063-1077
ABSTRACT: A critical examination of the techniques used to assess and specify environmental instream flow requirements is provided. The strengths and weaknesses of individual techniques are evaluated on both an absolute and a comparative basis. Particular attention is given to the problem of specifying environmental flow requirements in Australia where the hydrology has distinctly different characteristics to those in countries where most of the models for prediction of instream flow requirements were developed. Broad recommendations as to the suitability and use of the different techniques for different conditions are provided. 相似文献
598.
本文根据中国及全球淡水日趋紧张的事实,提出了贫水化的概念。在分析成因的基础上,提出了防治贫水化的一般对策,对增加人们的水荒意识有一定参考价值。 相似文献
599.
David T. Bell Roger H. Smith 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1978,14(1):119-132
Abstract: The proposed Hickory and Spring Creeks Flood Control and Recreation Project of the Illinois State Division of Water Resources and the Will County Forest Preserve District is desinged to provide flood control for Joliet, Illinos, and areas of the watershed to the east of the city and to provide open-space recreational land upstream from the Hickory Breek Dry Reservoir embankement. A viable forest ecosytem in the reservoir flood pool following construction is of major importance to the project. Factors of the environment influencing tree distribution and flood tolerance and a process for determining the best operational design to provide both flood control and the maintenance of a natural streamside forest ecosystem are described. 相似文献
600.
Steven Joseph Shupe 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1978,14(2):349-358
ABSTRACT: As coal resources are developed in the Northern Great Plains regions, new reservoirs are being considered to meet expanding water demands. The amount of water available for industrial diversion, however, could be limited by regulations that require minimum flow levels to be maintained downstream of the reservoir sites. Computer simulations of potential reservoirs were used to determine to what extent, if any, instream flow requirements might limit the ability of reservoirs to deliver industrial water supplies. Data on instream flow requirements, potential reservoir sites, and historic runoff were input for the simulation of the Powder River Region of Montana and Wyoming. Results of the simulations compared the maximum amount of water available for industrial diversion with and without requiring instream flow criteria. 相似文献