水库生态调度模型及算法研究

随着我国大规模流域开发，大量水库建设对河流生态系统造成了较大影响，如何通过水库合理调度来减轻水库对河流生态环境的负面影响，是当前水库运行调度研究中的一个热点问题。针对现行水库调度过分强调经济利益而忽视生态环境需水状况，致使部分大坝下游和库区发生生态环境退化的现象，从自然资源可持续发展的角度，探讨了水库生态调度的概念和任务，建立了水库生态调度多目标数学模型。该模型以经济效益、社会效益和生态环境效益组成的综合利用效益最大为目标函数，以综合利用要求为约束条件，包括灌溉、发电、航运、旅游、河口压咸和应急用水等。该模型为具有复杂约束条件的多目标规划模型。创建了可行搜索离散微分动态规划算法(FS DDDP算法)对该模型进行了求解。〖     

水库溃坝应急仿真关键技术综述

鉴于水库行业的特殊性,开展水库溃坝应急仿真技术研究,对于辅助研究水库应急过程、推进水库应急预案制度、提升水库应急管理至关重要.本文依据行业发展需求,参照建模与仿真理论,总结出溃坝应急过程数学模型研究、溃坝下游居民撤离优化技术研究、溃坝应急预案基础信息数字化技术研究等三项技术是发展溃坝应急仿真技术的关键,并对水库溃坝应急仿真三项关键技术的研究内容、重点解决的技术问题、技术路线分别进行了设想.     

Shallow groundwater nitrogen responses to different land use managements in the riparian zone of Yuqiao Reservoir in North China

This field study investigated the nitrogen concentrations in the shallow groundwater from an ephemeral stream and four land uses:cropland,two-year restored (2yr) and five-years restored (5yr) woodlands,fishponds,and the nitrogen flux in the riparian zone of Yuqiao Reservoir.The groundwater nitrate-N concentrations in cropland were the highest among the four land uses.Total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) and nitrate-N concentrations in the 2yr woodland were significantly (p<0.05) higher than in 5yr woodland.The lowest nitrogen concentrations were detected in fishponds.Nitrate-N was the main form in cropland and 2yr woodland,whereas both nitrate-N and diSSolved organic nitrogen (DON) were the main species in 5yr woodland and fishponds.But,ammonium-N was the main form in the ephemeral stream.During the rainy season,the groundwater flow wim dissolved nitrogen drains from upland into the reservoir along the hydraulic gradient.The woodland between the cropland and reservoir could act as a buffer to retain shallow groundwater nitrogen.The dominant form of ammonium-N in the groundwater TDN pool in ephemeral stream indicated that nitrogen from the village and orchard in upland flowed into the reservoir via subsurface flow.The fishpond Was not an important pollution source for nitrogen transfer via shallow groundwater.     

Inferring Hydrograph Components from Rainfall and Streamflow Records Using a Kriging Method-Based Linear Cascade Reservoir Model1

Cheng, Shin-jen, 2010. Inferring Hydrograph Components From Rainfall and Streamflow Records Using a Kriging Method-Based Linear Cascade Reservoir Model. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(6):1171–1191. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2010.00484.x Abstract: This study investigates the characteristics of hydrograph components in a Taiwan watershed to determine their shapes based on observations. Hydrographs were modeled by a conceptual model of three linear cascade reservoirs. Mean rainfall was calculated using the block Kriging method. The optimal parameters for 42 events from 1966-2008 were calibrated using an optimal algorithm. Rationality of generated runoffs was well compared with a trusty model. Model efficacy was verified using seven averaged parameters with 25 other events. Hydrograph components were characterized based on 42 calibration results. The following conclusions were obtained: (1) except for multipeak storms, a correlation between base time of the surface runoff and soil antecedent moisture is a decreasing power relationship; (2) a correlation between time lag of the surface flow and soil antecedent moisture for single-peak storms is an increasing power relationship; (3) for single-peak events, times to peak of hydrograph components are an increasing power correlation corresponding to the peak time of rainfall; (4) the peak flows of hydrograph components are linearly proportional to that of total runoff, and the peak ratio for the surface runoff to total runoff is approximately 78 and 13% for subsurface runoff to total runoff; and (5) the relationships of total discharges have direct ratios between hydrograph components and observations of total runoffs, and a surface runoff is 60 and 32% for a subsurface runoff.     

乌江中上游新建水库水体甲基汞的时空分布

为了弄清新修建的水库是否造成水体甲基汞浓度升高,以贵州省乌江流域2座新建水库洪家渡水库和索风营水库为研究对象,采用蒸馏 乙基化结合（GC CVAFS）法测定了不同季节水库水体中甲基汞的浓度,最低检出限为 0.009 ng/L。探讨了水质参数对甲基汞分布的影响以及水库水体甲基汞的分布特征。结果显示:洪家渡水库总甲基汞浓度夏季平均值为 0.11 ng/L,秋季平均值为 0.08 ng/L,冬季平均值为 0.10 ng/L;索风营水库总甲基汞浓度夏季平均值为 0.11 ng/L,秋季平均值为 0.07 ng/L,冬季平均值为 0.09 ng/L。数据表明2座水库水体甲基汞含量均较低,低于目前我国环境质量标准规定的一类地表水汞含量标准限值,与世界上其他未受污染的水体基本相当。水库水体甲基汞浓度随水体深度的增加没有明显的变化规律,且夏季略高于冬季、秋季,这与夏季降雨量和温度有关,在入库处与大坝前没有明显的变化趋势。这与水库中被淹没土壤有机质含量偏低且流域内基岩为碳酸盐有关,还与其他环境因素有关(如pH值较高,DOC含量偏低等)。通过研究发现目前库区环境汞的甲基化率低,但随着水库生态系统的不断演化,内源和外源营养物的输入及水体在温度分层其间自身甲基汞的形成,导致水体甲基汞含量的逐渐增加,但仍需进一步的研究证实。     

丹江口水库对汉江中下游径流特性的影响

随着汉江流域水资源开发利用程度的提高,汉江径流特性在一定程度上发生了变化,并在一定程度上影响了汉江生态系统的健康。为分析人类活动对汉江径流特性的影响,以白河、皇庄和仙桃3个水文站为研究对象,以丹江口水库关闸蓄水时间划分研究时段,利用3站1955~2006年的日流量资料对比分析了研究时段内汉江中下游年、汛期、非汛期、月及日径流量的变化特性。结果表明：丹江口水库的运行对其下游的年径流特性无明显影响,而对汛期、非汛期、日径流量和径流年内分配有显著的影响,汛期径流量所占比例显著减少,非汛期径流量所占比例显著增加,径流量年内分配过程均匀化,中小量级日流量出现频次增加,大量级日流量出现频次减少,但影响随与水库的距离增加而减小。研究成果可为评价人类活动对汉江生态系统健康及稳定性提供参考.     

汶川8.0级地震绵阳市游仙区水库震害调查与分析

5.12汶川特大地震给四川省水库造成了严重的震害和巨大的经济损失。依据绵阳市水库地震灾害的现场科学考察资料,对绵阳市游仙区44座高危险情以上的水库土坝的震损现象做了初步总结和分析。发现这些震损水库基本上都建于1950~1980年,未经抗震设计,典型震害现象包括水库坝顶中部及坝轴线两侧纵向裂缝、坝体纵横向裂缝和坝坡局部滑裂等,并有水库泄水构筑物震损、防浪墙倒塌、上游坡护坡下滑、坝坡挡土墙倒塌等。这说明对小型水库土坝进行抗震设防是必要的,今后应深入研究小型水库土坝的震害机制,以指导水库土坝的抗震设计。     

重庆市应用湖库水水源热泵系统条件分析

通过对重庆市气候条件、湖库水水资源状况以及湖库水水温和水质分析,结果显示:重庆地区采用传统空气源热泵系统已不适宜,而采用水源热泵系统具有较高的节能优势。丰富的湖库水水资源量以及重庆市建筑沿湖库水而建特点,为在重庆市开展湖库水水源热泵系统创造便利条件;湖库水水温和水质基本能满足地表水水源热泵系统的水源要求;湖库水藻类易爆发,因此发展湖库水水源热泵主要解决的水质问题是藻类的堵塞问题。     

Water quantity and quality dynamics of the THC — Tuyamuyun Hydroengineering Complex — And implications for reservoir operation

Background In the Aral Sea basin, safe water resources are scarce and steadily becoming scarcer. Particularly high quality water is going to become a rare good. The object of the study was the Tuyamuyun Hydroengineering Complex (THC), a complex of artificial water reservoirs located in the lower Amu Darya River, which provides water for irrigation, industry, and drinking for the lower Amu Darya region. The focus was on operation of one of its four reservoirs, the Kaparas, which is mainly used for drinking water supply. The objective includes the investigation of impacts of conventional operation schemes on the reservoir water quality for improving drinking water quality (salinity). Basic operation rules for Kaparas, which can be considered as representative for conventional dam operation under dry year conditions, had to be identified and improved operation schemes derived. Methods Existing data archives were analysed, and further data were acquired from field surveys, data processing and modelling studies. Historical data were identified, which are appropriate to determine representative schemes for the conventional operation. For the simulation of time-dependent and depth-dependent changes of reservoir salinisation, the reservoir water quality model Lac was used and linked with the THC model. Results and Discussion Modelling results for the simulation of temperature dynamics and density stratification showed a sufficient congruence with the measured temperature profiles. The conformity of measured and calculated salt concentration is basically ensured. The reservoir, which fill with higher saline water at the end of the summer, aggravates the entrainment of high saline water in the entire water column. Conclusions The current conventional operation regime mainly leads to filling the Kaparas reservoir with high saline water during the winter months. Even in the event of starting with comparable low salinity levels, the simulation demonstrates the rapid deterioration of the reservoir water quality. Under dry year conditions, the WHO standards for drinking water will be exceeded by 30% after two years, so that the impact of dry years in the context of water stress becomes visible. Recommendations and Outlook Processed data and results are now available to identify enhanced reservoir operation strategies for salinity reduction by changing the period of reservoir filling and release, as well as to initiate a detailed analysis of how water deficits in dry years may be reduced by improved operation regimes. Using adapted and enhanced operation rules for THC reservoirs, the local population within the lower Aral Sea basin might be supplied with more potable water of higher quality in future.     

乌拉泊水库水质分析及保护对策

根据乌鲁木齐市环境监测中心站多年的监测数据,运用单因子指数法、综合污染指数法和综合营养状态指数法分析了乌拉泊水库水质状况及变化趋势,并提出了保护和改善乌拉泊水库水质的对策建议,以期为乌拉泊水库环境保护管理提供依据。